Renaissance

Italy before spreading to the remainder of Europe. The Italian promontory, situated inside the Mediterranean Sea, empowered the city-states and territories to become significant focuses of exchange and trade. Venice, situated on the northeastern bank of Italy, was known as the Queen of the Adriatic and had the busiest Italian oceanic port (Soppy, 2009, p. 66). Indeed, even inland urban areas, for example, Rome and Florence had the option to profit by Italy's common highlights. Florence had a port fifty miles away at the mouth of the Aaron River, which moved through the core of city giving inland access to shippers (Soppy, 2009, p. 52).Italy's prime geological area drove it to be the main port of call for merchandise and thoughts. Italy likewise varied from the remainder of Europe strategically. Nations, for example, England, Spain, and France were controlled by rulers while Italy (with a couple of special cases) comprised of city-states where force was shared among unmistakable famil ies. It was inside these city-expresses that the dynamic political environment could sustain the Renaissance development (Cook, 2014). In Florence, the Medici family had the option to command the city for a significant part of the fifteenth century. The Medici family were supporter to numerous craftsmen, performers, scholars, and architects.Cosmic De' Medici contributed to raising a considerable lot of the structures in Florence, accepting the rich should offer back to their networks (Soppy, 2009, p. 53). Numerous unmistakable families all through Italy charged open craftsmanship to show their riches and influence. In addition, the vivacious humanist development helped the Renaissance build up solid roots in Italy. As indicated by Soppy (2009), humanism can be characterized as a development that supported the investigation of the structure and substance of old style learning and that development was the center of the Renaissance (p. 71 â€Å"Italian culture was portrayed by a resto ration of ancient times, explicitly the old style world ofGreece and Rome† (Krebs, 2009). Renaissance humanists were interested with the investigation of old Greece and Rome, and city humanists assumed a huge job of putting their insight into the works of art to down to earth use for their networks. Eventually, Italy's bountiful riches is the thing that would invigorate the improvement of the Renaissance. During the fifteenth century, Europe relied upon Italy for quite a bit of its business (Cook, 2014). This empowered the Italians to start to lead the pack in territories, for example, banking, exchange, and producing, and subsequently became â€Å"the most urbanize and prosperous individuals of Europe† (Soppy, 2009, p. ). Italians had the option to utilize their riches and thriving to help human expressions. Italy was blessed to have a few components attempting to advance the development of the Renaissance. Were it not for Tit's ideal geology, special political atmosph ere, dynamic social developments, and sound economy, the Renaissance might not have had the achievement and progressions that it delighted in during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. 2. Investigate the intentions and activities of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in achieving strict change during the Reformation.How would they say they were extraordinary? Did they share any likenesses? In Europe, the sixteenth century was a period of colossal change. The most progressive occasion was the Reformation. Martin Luther and King Henry VIII of England had various thought processes, yet both realized strict change during the Reformation. Martin Luther was conceived in the German states in 1483 to Hans and Margaret. Hans Luther was an excavator, and Martin experienced childhood in an average workers family unit. Foam's folks, decided for him to turn into a legal counselor, enlisted him in the neighborhood school in 1492 (messy, 2009, p. 165).Luther went t o the college of Revert in 1501 here he considered the ordinary human sciences educational program, accepting his Bachelors certificate in 1 502 and Master's in 1 505 (History. Com Staff, 2009). At some point, as long as ether can remember changed when he was almost struck by lightning. Luther swore he would turn into a priest in the event that he endured the tempest and days after the fact joined the Sustaining Hermit religious community. At the age of thirty-four, Martin Luther became persuaded he discovered the response to the inquiry that had disturbed him for a long time. Luther accepted that confidence in God, as opposed to benevolent acts, was the way to accomplishing grace.During a similar period the Catholic Church was selling extravagances, rather than having individuals do acts of kindness, with the guarantee that it would abbreviate the measure of time they spent in limbo (Soppy, 2009, p. 167). Since Luther trusted God spared individuals through his endowment of confiden ce, he considered the to be of guilty pleasures as a degenerate practice by the Catholic Church. At the point when Luther nailed the â€Å"Ninety-Five Theses† to the congregation entryway, he had would have liked to begin a scholastic discussion (Soppy, 2009, p. 168). He had no clue they would start the Reformation. Lord Henry VIII was conceived in 1491 at Greenwich Palace in England. He was the second child of King HenryVII and Elizabeth of York (BBC History, 2014). Henry VII was required to get an extraordinary ecclesiastical regulation from pope Julius II all together for his child to have the option to wed Catherine of Argon, the widow of Henrys more seasoned sibling Arthur (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). Ruler Henry VIII wedded Catherine and started his reign in 1509. In 1 527, following eighteen years of marriage, Henry needed a separation from Queen Catherine (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). She had just had the option to endure him one enduring youngster, a little girl, and he frantical ly needed a male beneficiary. Martin Luther and King Henry Vic's thought processes in change originated from altogether efferent sources.Luther couldn't help contradicting the papacy over the teaching that permitted the selling of guilty pleasures. He additionally accepted that salvation was accomplished by confidence alone. Originating from a common laborers foundation, Luther would not like to see the assemblage being exploited by the church. Henry VIII needed to isolate from the Catholic Church since he wanted to wed Anne Bobble, who vowed to endure him children (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). Ruler Henry requested that pope Clement VII award him an abrogation. Pope Clement declined in light of the fact that he was reluctant to concede the first agreement Pope Julius II had allowed for their marriage was unlawful (Soppy, 2009, p. 31). Henry split from the congregation to satisfy his marital plans and to take the affluent grounds of all the English religious communities. In contrast to Lut her, King Henrys intentions in change were simply childish. Both Martin Luther and Henry VIII accomplished partition from the Catholic Church. While Luther isolated while attempting to change because of his disappointment with degenerate church rehearses, Henry VIII isolated deliberately for his childish wants. In spite of the fact that they were totally different men, Martin Luther and King Henry VIII were both compelling in he Reformation development, and their activities can in any case be felt today. . Break down the points, techniques, and level of achievement of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the sixteenth century. What did the Catholic Church do to change itself and react to the spread of Protestantism? In what ways did it both succeed and flop in accomplishing its objectives? Toward the beginning of the sixteenth century, individuals, for example, John Calvin and Martin Luther started scrutinizing the acts of the Catholic Church. By testing the congregatio n regulation with his â€Å"Ninety-Five Theses†, Luther started the Protestant Reformation.By the mid-sixteenth century, the papacy acknowledged it expected to change church practices and react to the Protestant test. The Counter-Reformation was a path for the Roman Catholic Church to restore itself. The point of the Counter-Reformation in Europe was to end the Protestant Reformation and reconstruct the intensity of the Catholic Church through change, strict requests, and training. The Counter-Reformation was fruitful in sparing the honesty of the Roman Catholic Church, yet states where the administration embraced Protestantism remained.In request for the pope to prevail with regards to transforming the Catholic Church, he would deed support. Pope Paul Ill called the Council of Trend in December of 1545 (History Learning Site, 2014). In spite of the fact that it took eighteen years to finish up, the Council of Trend end up being the most significant church committee in a thou sand years (Soppy, 2009, p. 264). The change gathering was expected to inspect convention and change, and was liable for the reaffirmation and explanation of significant church teachings. So as to satisfy the Protestants, Charles V needed maltreatment took a gander at in trusts it would take them back to the congregation (History Learning Site, 2014).The chamber confessed to degenerate practices dainty the congregation and took harsh measures to address them. New laws were set up to battle pluralism, simony, nepotism, unethical behavior, and numbness (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). Ministers were no longer permitted to stay away from chapel gatherings with the change of truancy. Likewise, the selling Of guilty pleasures was restricted. While the congregation had experienced many change chambers, the Council of Trend was interesting in the way that such a large number of its pronouncements were completed and genuine change was occurring in the congregation (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). The Council o f Trend assisted with tackling interior issues of the Catholic Church.To improve the Catholic remaining inside the networks, various new strict requests began during the Counter-Reformation. While the establishing of strict requests generally realized reestablishment and change for the Catholic Church, pope Innocent Ill debilitated their foundation in 121 5 so as to oversee the papacy (Soppy, 2009, p. 256). The primary new request set up was the Thinness. The Thinness were advocates for development of the Catholic Church and set a case of how great ministers should live and function (History Learning Site, 2014).The Ursine was a request for ladies that advanced he training of ladies and youngsters. Indeed, even some more seasoned requests reacted by modernizing themselves (History Learning Site, 2014). Training end up being a conspicuous

Free Essays on Analysis Of Sharon Olds, “Leningrad Cemetery, Winter Of 1941”

Investigation of Sharon Olds, â€Å"Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941† In the sonnet, â€Å"Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941,† Sharon Olds depicts a graveyard during World War II. The 900-day attack on Leningrad started in September of 1941 and there were innumerable setbacks to be covered throughout that winter. Throughout the winter the ground freezes and makes it close to difficult to burrow the graves. The winter of 1941 is depicted as, â€Å"that winter the dead couldn't be buried.† The ground is too difficult to even consider digging and the undertakers are over drained and over worked. The war has slaughtered such huge numbers of individuals that the undertakers are too powerless to even consider digging and they are likewise ravenous in light of the fact that food is rare during war. The sonnet is strikingly depicting how repulsive war can be. The language utilized in the sonnet is solid and graphic. The carcasses are depicted as being shipped by children’s sleds. This portrayal shows how all guiltlessness during wartime is lost. The pity this incurs on the youngsters will never leave, their blamelessness is lost until the end of time. The sonnet portrays carcasses needing to be brought back alive. â€Å"A hand connecting with no indication of peace.† That line simply shows how these officers were not prepared to kick the bucket; they despite everything had their lives to live. Our pity as observers to the war is nothing contrasted with the trouble of the dead who can't observer anything. This sonnet represents a significant time ever. Simultaneously this sonnet can be utilized to portray the repulsiveness of all war. The war in Leningrad was a horr ible time and numerous lives were lost. Sharon Olds is attempting to show us exactly how loathsome war can be.... Free Essays on Analysis Of Sharon Olds, â€Å"Leningrad Cemetery, Winter Of 1941† Free Essays on Analysis Of Sharon Olds, â€Å"Leningrad Cemetery, Winter Of 1941† Examination of Sharon Olds, â€Å"Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941† In the sonnet, â€Å"Leningrad Cemetery, Winter of 1941,† Sharon Olds portrays a burial ground during World War II. The 900-day attack on Leningrad started in September of 1941 and there were innumerable setbacks to be covered throughout that winter. Throughout the winter the ground freezes and makes it close to difficult to burrow the graves. The winter of 1941 is depicted as, â€Å"that winter the dead couldn't be buried.† The ground is too difficult to even think about digging and the undertakers are over worn out and over worked. The war has slaughtered such a significant number of individuals that the undertakers are too frail to even think about digging and they are likewise eager since food is rare during war. The sonnet is strikingly depicting how unpleasant war can be. The language utilized in the sonnet is solid and clear. The cadavers are depicted as being moved by children’s sleds. This depiction shows how all guiltlessness during wartime is lost. The misery this dispenses on the youngsters will never leave, their honesty is lost for eternity. The sonnet depicts cadavers needing to be brought back alive. â€Å"A hand connecting with no indication of peace.† That line simply shows how these fighters were not prepared to bite the dust; they despite everything had their lives to live. Our trouble as observers to the war is nothing contrasted with the bitterness of the dead who can't observer anything. This sonnet represents a significant time ever. Simultaneously this sonnet can be utilized to depict the ghastliness of all war. The war in Leningrad was a horr ible time and numerous lives were lost. Sharon Olds is attempting to show us exactly how appalling war can be....

Better writing for nurse managers - Emphasis

Better composition for nurture chiefs Better composition for nurture chiefs At the point when a great many people consider Leonardo da Vinci, they consider him the craftsman who painted The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. In any case, da Vinci was likewise a creator, a planner, an artist and a specialist. To be effective as a medical attendant supervisor, you have to embrace da Vincis Renaissance approach. Beside your fundamental position of authority, you likewise should be an asset allocator, go-between, unsettling influence handler and pioneer. Lamentably, there is no complete manual for dealing with these jobs. What's more, being responsible for individuals, approach and desk work can once in a while be an instance of experimentation. Be that as it may, sharpening your composed relational abilities can go a shockingly long approach to making things run all the more easily. For instance, it can assist you with convincing individuals to see your perspective, explain complex issues, or essentially compose directions that individuals really peruse and follow. Here are seven different ways to transform composing into a ground-breaking wellbeing the board device. One Listen cautiously to your group to guarantee you completely comprehend their issues and issues. At that point conceptualize your reaction utilizing the headings who?, what?, where?, when?, and why? before you compose it. This will assist you with explaining your fundamental message so your composing is clear and compact. Make certain to take a gander at all your alternatives and dont simply pick the first that rings a bell. Two On the off chance that you predict that an issue will be tested or youll be addressed for more data, set up a definite clarification. Utilize the Four Ps procedure, which represents: position (where they are presently), issue (why they cannot remain there), conceivable outcomes (where they could go) and proposition (where they ought to go). Three Abstain from playing workplace issues and dont misdirect the peruser in any capacity. Use language just if youre certain your perusers will get it. What's more, utilize the dynamic voice to make your composing increasingly explicit. For example: we are executing another move framework is more viable than another move framework will be actualized. Four Augment the peruser crowd when fundamental, to ensure you address all issues and everybody comprehends the unique circumstance. Email is frequently a decent vehicle for this. Be that as it may, be careful with duplicating an excessive number of individuals in on mass messages. What's more, evade heresay or composing as though youre talking on the telephone: email is a lasting medium secured by the law of slander, so you ought to compose just what you dont mind being communicated on the 10 oclock news. Five Enroll the assistance of other departmental administrations, (for example, lawful and HR) to audit your composing when fitting. Ensure you compose just things you put stock in, and that youre ready to be responsible for. Six Guarantee raw numbers are as precise as could be expected under the circumstances. Indeed, even it takes 24 hours to acquire figures you dont have, its value investing the additional energy to guarantee you manufacture a notoriety for exactness. (Dont let sitting tight for the reality hold up the creative cycle however: simply put [To come] in the content and return to that bit once you have the subtleties.) Seven At long last, mentor your staff to turn out to be better scholars, so your time as a chief is spent viably. Theres a large group of free internet composing assets at emphbootstrap.wpengine.com to support you. In the event that you choose to traing your staff, see our courses for people or our courses for gatherings. On the other hand, send us a message or call one of our benevolent counsels on +44 (0)1273 961 810 Great composing may not generally come effectively from the outset. Be that as it may, with training, it can turn out to be natural. What's more, when it does, it likely could be the paste that holds your da Vinci set of jobs together. Robert Ashton is the Chief Executive of Emphasis.

Great Topics For An Essay

Great Topics For An EssayIt's very easy to get stuck on the boring topics for an essay, when in reality that's probably not what you should be writing about. There are so many different topics you can choose from and a few that may work just as well or even better. You just need to think outside the box and try to find some interesting topics for an essay.A great topic to start with is actually something that is already a good idea but may not fit into the other topics for an essay because it's too common. What I mean by this is a subject that people really don't think much about anymore, which would be religion. For example, you could use religion as a topic for an essay and not think twice about it, because people still do it everyday!Why is religion so common? Because it's the bible that we read every day. It may be the only book we have and it's the topic of many people's entire lives. You can write about religion for an essay just by telling the reader what the bible says and wh y it says it.There are many different topics you can choose from, especially if you know some people. If you're looking for topics for an essay and you want to make your topics creative then think about things that you know about. Things that will help you out in everyday life or give you a unique insight into a person. One great idea is to choose a unique topic to try and talk about someone in your life, like a grandparent.Another great topic to choose from is something you know but want to change how it's said. There are many different things to choose from, like talking about an event that happened in your life. Maybe it was an event in high school or college that you don't remember, but it happened so many years ago it's easy to talk about, as long as you remember.There are many topics for an essay that can be used as the basis for interesting topics for an essay. These are just some of the ideas that you could consider. You can use your own thoughts about a topic or take someth ing from another topic and change the name or the topic. It's also fun to think up your own topic for an essay.It can be hard to find a great topic for an essay, especially if you don't have any ideas for a topic. By looking for topics for an essay like this one, you can always make sure that you're getting fresh, new ideas every time.

College Pressures By William Zinsser - 1346 Words

Students Facing Obstacle During College Life During the college life students have to deal with different types of obstacles. In the article, â€Å"College Pressures† William Zinsser focuses on the pressure faced by the college students. He talks about how the students are dealing with economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. College students are worried about getting high paid jobs and being rich instead of relaxing and enjoying now. Zinsser claims that students are worried about their future by using pathos. According to Zinsser, one of the pressure students has to face in the college is economical. Pathos have been used by the author to make the reader feel that how students are dealing with economic problems. Student with scholarship are very safe and doesn’t have to worry about an economic problem. Zinsser states â€Å"I tell them to relax. They can’t.† Zinsser is trying to convince students not take the pressure, but he/she won’t be able to relax because college demands too much of money. Just to pay for the college, students have to work during the weekends or whenever there is a free time. Zinsser supports his stamen by proclaiming â€Å"Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now comes to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60% of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainderShow MoreRelat edCollege Pressures By William Zinsser939 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å" College Pressures,† William Zinsser discusses four types of pressures college students go through. Even though he wrote this in 1978, college students today still experience all four of the pressures. The four pressures Zinsser discusses are economic, parental, peer, and self-induced. Today’s college students are becoming more and more disconnected with their passions and are being thrown into the world of practicality. College should be a place of experimentation and discovery, but insteadRead MoreCollege Pressures By William Zinsser1221 Words   |  5 Pages Numerous college students today feel like they are not adequate enough. So much is put on their plate, and above it all, in order to keep moving forward academically towards a career, they must prove themselves. This idea is explored in â€Å"College Pressures† by William Zinsser. He talks about why students are driven to try so vigorously in order to earn a step ahead, but the reasoning is arguable. One of the main struggles among college students today is that they are required to compete againstRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Students1280 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the 2015 National College Health Assessment, over 85% of college students have felt stressed or overwhelmed in the last year. As an undergraduate, I am fully aware of the pressure we, as students, feel. We are a machines, constantly trying to balance studying, our classes, working, having a social life, and preparing for our future. And we are still expected to get eight hours of sleep every night? I know first hand how this feels. I wake up early every morning, go to class, spend countlessRead MoreCollege Pressures And Eric Greiten s The Heart And The Fist974 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society, there is a stigma that one needs a college education to be successful. Due to these overwhelming societal pressures, college students encounter numerous challenges. Two authors who explore these ch allenges are William Zinsser in his article â€Å"College Pressures† and Eric Greiten in his book â€Å"The Heart and the Fist†. Both Zinsser and Greitens consider the everyday struggles that college students face. While discussing the same topics, the authors use different writing styles andRead MoreFlaws Of The Education System917 Words   |  4 Pages Flaws in our Education Brent Staples wrote Why Colleges Shower Their Students with A’s† to show the flaws in the education system with teachers giving unfair grades to students. Similarly, William Zinsser wrote â€Å"College Pressures† to show how colleges are putting unnecessary stress on their students. While it is important to draw attention to these problems, it is also necessary to find solutions as well. Bringing the issues to the public knowledge is only the first step in correctingRead MoreCollege Pressures Affect Our Lives1212 Words   |  5 PagesCollege Pressures College pressures dominate our lives. They begin to levitate around us and slowly derail our lives. William Zinsser elaborates about the college pressures that modern generations are facing. He reveals multiple commonalities that the typical college student encounters on a daily basis. Zinsser states, â€Å"They want a map-right now-that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, social security, and presumably, a prepaid grave† (12). He is spot on, the pressuresRead MoreTaking A Lot Out Of College Students969 Words   |  4 PagesHaving pressures in today’s world is not an uncommon occurrence that can take a lot out of college students. These things continue to affect students in this day and world of today because of how common and easy it is to happen such as wanting to achieve a higher GPA, make our parents proud, and trying to make the payments needed. There are many different scenarios in which they can feel burdened by things happening related to their education but they all fall into one of the four categories beginningRead MoreAnalysis Of The Narrative The Twelve By Sandra Cisneros863 Words   |  4 PagesIn the duration of this English class we have read multiple essays. The essays include a short story, â€Å"Eleven† by Sandra Cisneros whose main idea that there is not a correlation between age and emotional evolution. â€Å"College Pressures† by William Zinsser argues that college students are under excessive stress to plan their future and succeed. The narrative, â€Å"Mother Tongue†, by Amy Tan focuses on the variants in the universal English dialect which is based on one’s background. â€Å"Indian Education† byRead MoreEssay on Is College Worth our Time and Effort?874 Words   |  4 Pagesearned a college degree to get their high-level job that requires years of learning and preparation to acquire, such as a doctor or a programmer. With colleges, students have a mean s of landing that dream job of theirs or maybe discover that they had a passion for a different kind of career instead. Although, many students have to endure years of stress and pressure in college before they can get their degree or figure out what they want to do for a living. In William Zinsser’s essay, â€Å"College PressuresRead MoreEssay on Stress in College: What Causes it and How to Combat it2513 Words   |  11 Pages Many first year college students face problems as they enter a new educational environment that is very different than that of high school. However, the common problem is that many first year students become stressed. For many students, college is supposed to be the most fun time of their life; however, their fun can be restricted if it is limited by stress and other mental illnesses. According to the National Health Ministries (2006), stress is caused by â€Å"greater academic demands

Girls Like Us Essay - 1063 Words

Girls Like Us nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Girls Like Us is an intimate portrayal concerning four girls who grew up all with different ethnic backgrounds and various forms of parental guidence. Anna Chau is Vietnames with strict parents and good beliefs, Lisa Bronca is a Caucasion Catholic, DeYonna Moore is African-American with strong goals who lives with her Grandma and Raelene Cox is a young white girl who comes from a broken home with little parental guidence. Girls Like Us shows examples of structural functionism, and conflict theory, as well as symbolic interactionalism. This movie really intersted me because I actually got to see each of these girls grow up. This film†¦show more content†¦She said if she so much as looked at a boy she would be in trouble, and if she ever came home with a hicky on her neck her father would probably kick her out. When her brother comes home with a hicky they pretty much say quot;Good job, sonquot; and he is respected. In this cul ture a woman is being treated differently because of her gender. Other conflicts include, Raelene and DeYonna, white Vs. Vietnamese. Raelene came from a lower class home and DeYonna came from a middle class home. Both girls end up pregnant and doing the same things. Chentevy and her Father also had a conflict. her fathers abuse let her to rebel. She got kicked out of her house for havin a hicky on her neck and then she turned to drugs and disappeared. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I was most interested by this movie to see how different these girls were just because of their different cultures. Then as we watched them grow up you see how each persons family played a role on their own personal success. Raelenes story interested me the most. I think that because her mom didnt care, Raelene failed. She has her first child at age 14 and dropped out of school only to later get pregnant again and engaged to someone who she says she loves because he doesnt hit her. It also interests me to hear her say if she could do it all over she wouldnt cahnge a thing. I wanted to hit her. This girl could go so far, she could get out of her town and go to college she could work and get her ownShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Girls Like Us by Rachel Lloyd1031 Words   |  5 Pagestitled Girls Like Us and it is authored by Rachel Lloyd. The cover also says â€Å"fighting for a world where girls not for sale†. After reading that title I had a feeling this book was going to be about girls being prostituted at a young age and after reading prologue I sadly realized I was right in my prediction. The prologue starts with the description about a girl who likes swimming, SpongeBob, Mexican food, writing poetry and getting her nails painted. To a normal person this sounds like a normalRead MoreGirls Like Us : Jake s P.o2096 Words   |  9 PagesGIRLS LIKE US Jake’s P.O.V As the music became quiet and the lights dimmed everyone started to make their way home, I checked the time realising it was 2:30am it made sense to start heading home. I carried Jess out to the front lawn of the house after cleaning her up after the mess she made of herself, I was trying to get her to make sense and tell me where her car was and her keys, it felt almost impossible. My phone started ringing, retrieving it from my pocket I looked at the caller ID, and aRead MoreMy First Day Of Dance1079 Words   |  5 Pagesto like me, the teacher is going to be mean. I was standing in the hallway of my new dance studio crying to my mom that I did not want to go in when the teacher came out to get us. The teacher was towering over me like she was a skyscraper and I was an ant. She had very straight red hair and her face was covered in freckles. She was wearing a bright purple leotard with a black skirt. My mom walked me in the classroom and the teacher told me to sit in the circle with all the other little girls. IRead MoreHow Dress Code Takes Meaning And Life Out Of Clothes1246 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning and life out of clothes. Fashion is a personal art you can tell what people like to do, eat, watch, and play when you look at their clothing. If you were wearing a Marshall sweatshirt and I didn t know you I would immediately know that you most likely go to marshall, root for marshall, and play a sport for marshall I knew all of that by an item of clothing so when you tell us what to wear your telling us what to say which is going against the bill of rights. Dress code is a controversialRead More A Woman’s Place in Society Explored in Marge Piercy’s Barbie Doll645 Words   |  3 Pageswhat women are supposed to look like. In other words the perfect woman should look like a Barbie Doll. In Marge Piercy’s, â€Å"Barbie Doll,† we find a girl child growing up through the adolescence stage characterized by appearances and barbarit y. Piercy uses lots of imagery to describe the struggles the girl experiences during her teenage years and the effects that can happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first stanza we see the beginning of an ideal image being stained in the girls mind. She was â€Å"...presented dollsRead MoreThe Social Concept of Beauty Essay1054 Words   |  5 PagesEverything around us in society seems to contain hidden messages. The media is a main proponent of this, including television shows, magazines, billboard signs, and commercials among others. All of these variations of media have something in common; they depict all woman having thin bodies. Many girls and women are left thinking, Whats wrong with me, my body doesnt look like that? Unfortunately today we are exposed to the media constantly, which invariably influences girls self-images, oftenRead MoreIntroduction to Literature1573 Words   |  7 Pages Eng 125: Introduction to Literature â€Å"The Welcome Table† By Alice Walker/ â€Å"What its like to be a black girl† by Smith Both of these stories represent the African American woman who have been forced to face challenges of sexism, racism and stereotypes in the American life. I will compare and contrast the similarities of both of these poemsRead MoreThe Documentary Killing Us Softly Exposed867 Words   |  4 PagesThe documentary Killing Us Softly exposed how the media views what qualifies as ‘female perfection’. I would like to know how the media declared what â€Å"perfection†, there are different types of women, with different shapes, sizes, face structures, and you name it. Which brings me to the question, who decided that what the media presents as perfection† really is, perfection. These perfect† models that the media parade around are always airbrushed and photo-shopped, none of it is real. Many modelsRead MoreEssay on I Am a Victim of Advertising1547 Words   |  7 PagesFor me, clothing has meant different things. As a child, I wore what my mother gave me or the hand-me-downs from my sister. I never questioned how I looked, but I liked to dress up. In middle school, I became more concerned with my appeara nce, like most girls. I tried to keep up with the fashion, but what defined the fashion? Magazines and television were the big ones for me. I wanted to look beautiful; thus, I wore what the beautiful people showed me I should wear in hopes that I could be just asRead MoreHow to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, and Halfie812 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story â€Å"How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, and Halfie† by Junot Diaz is the main character, Yunior’s, guide to dating girls of different races and the ways to act in order to get what you want from them. The only thing Yunior seems to want for these girls is sexual acts. This short story argues that a person’s heritage, economic class, and race affect how a person identifies themselves, and how their identity affects how they act towards other people. The pressures a person may

Different Types of popular music. Essay Example For Students

Different Types of popular music. Essay We all grew up listening to some type of music. No one can really determine when music began or which cultures had music first. There are stories of its origins that go back to ancient times. Popular music is music produced for and sold to a broad audience. (l) The types of popular music we are going to look at are Jazz, country-and-western music, rhythm-and-blues music (RB), rock music, and rap, also know as hip-hop. (l) First, we will look at Jazz. Jazz is a type of music that was first developed by African Americans around the first decade of the 20th century. ) It is believed that Jazz originated in New Orleans. The first ever recording of Jazz was in the sasss. (3) Jazz developed into different styles. Some of these styles are, Boogie Woozier, which was named this because Clearance Pine Top Smith released an album with that style called Pimentos Boogie Woozier. Next is improvisational Jazz, which is the most popular type of Jazz. Improve means made up on the spot, which is actua lly, what this type of Jazz is. Improvisational Jazz can be played with any instrument. Another is ragtime. It was called this because its rhythm and timing sounded raggedy. Like improvisational Jazz, this was one of the first types of Jazz. It was played in cakewalks and was usually played with a piano. (3) Some of the great musicians who made Jazz more popular are, Art Datum, Earl Hines, Joseph Lamb, James Scott, Scott Joplin, Hot Five and Louis Armstrong. (3) Some of the Jazz musicians of today are Kenny G and Rosemary Clooney. Jazz remains a rich and vital presence in the world of music today. The next type is country and western music. Country and western music was primarily produced by white Southerners beginning in the early sass and came room the folk music of Southern Appalachia and is rooted in the folk songs of immigrants from Great Britain. (5) Some of the country music styles are Western swing, honk-tone, bluegrass, rockabilly, and new country. Although originally known by the derisive label hillbillys music, country has since moved into the popular music mainstream and gained wide international acceptance. (4) Most country music is based on the lyrics rather than the musical content. Allot of country music is based on the lives and experiences of ordinary people. They include things such as love, reeking up with someone, maybe even the artist themselves telling a story in there music of their younger days growing up. Some of the instruments that are used in country music are the fiddle, the banjo, the guitar, and the piano. (5) Some country artists of past are The Carter Family, Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Patsy Cline and Hank Williams. Some of the country artists of today are Alan Jackson, Brooks and Dunn, Shania Twain, and Kenny Cheney. One place known to all country music artists and musicians is The Grand Ole Pry, which is in Nashville, Tennessee. (5) Another type of music style is Rhythm-and-Blues Music or better know as R. Jerry Weaker is credited with the term R This type of music laid the Different Types of popular music. By sparkle 170 western and pop influences. (6) During the ass, RB was dominated by vocalists like Ray Charles and Ruth Brown, as well as vocal groups like the Drifters and the Coasters. (6) The term R B was replaced in the sass by soul music and Mouton, but has re-emerged in recent years. In this context only the abbreviation RB is used, not the full expression. (6) Today there are some great R B artists as well, like Barry White, All-4-one, India Aria, Eureka Baud and Alicia Keys. RB remains a crucial part of rock, soul, and rap. Rock music is next on the list of types of music. Rock music has dominated popular music in the West since about 1955. (8) Rock music started in the United State s. The term rock music commonly refers to music styles after 1959 predominantly influenced by white musicians. (8) Disc Jockey Alan Freed was the one who introduced this music and later gave it the name of Rock n Roll. Top 5 Ways To Settle Down EssayRap music producers also seemed to be hesitant to produce female rap artists. (9) David Twigging in his article, Not for Men Only; Women Rappers are Breaking the Mold with a Message of their Own, offers two reasons for this reluctance. One being, rap producers were apprehensive about signing female rappers because they feared impairing with their proven formula of success of producing macho male rappers. The other being, rap producers did not feel that female voices could supply the requisite loudness and abrasiveness that they felt was a major feature of rap music. 10) A New York City female rap trio by the name of Salt N EPA would provide the rap music industry with the incentive to produce more female rappers with the success of its debut album, Hot, Cool, Vicious, which sold over a million copies. Besides the fact that people like what they heard, Russell Simmons who was quoted in Thighbones article offers another explanation. Simmons stated, The re are more women buying rap records who would like to relate to women artists and there are more guys who want to hear a womens point of view. (10) Salt N Pepper rapped over soul-tinged RB melodies with teasing, street-savvy raps about maturity, independence from men, and sexual responsibility. Another female rapper, Nominee Love, tried not to be too serious with her rap messages. While Queen Latish raps were about women being optimistic and having pride in them and tended to counter male rappers lyrics, which tended to express a poor opinion of women. However, some female rappers like BOW (Batches with Problems) voice a rape, male egos, and police brutality. BOW showed that they could be Just as boastful as male rappers with their lyrics on the record In We Want Money when they stated, Marry you? Dont make me laugh! Dont you know, all I want is half! Another female rapper who deserves mentioning because of her forceful attack on misogyny is You-You with her record You Cant Play with My You-You. David Thicken concluded his article on female rappers by stating that female rappers besides offering a different attitude eave shown that rap could be far more significant and flexible than its critics have admitted. 10) This also illustrates, contrary to what David Samuels holds to be true, that rap music can endure the influence of groups other than its creators and still survive and flourish. (11) Music today is constantly changing. Music is one of the most social art forms in that it creates communication between people in many different ways. It provides for non- threatening interaction. Music is the background of all our lives. Music has b een around, in one form or another, since the beginning of time. Music can soothe, excite, calm, invigorate and help a person express feelings they otherwise might not be able to express.

Inventions and Discoveries

Introduction Invention can be defined as a final result of imagination which could have originated from a mere conception or from experimental researches. Discovery on the other hand is initial or primary acquisition of a given idea or information by an individual.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As invention gives credit to the person who performed the act as the actual source of the conception, discovery is a credit to any other person who comes across an idea for the first time with respect to himself or herself. Invention is therefore a special primary discovery. This paper seeks to discuss some of the significant discoveries that were made as a result of the inventions of the telescope and the microscope. The paper will look into the history of the discoveries and their effects in the development of the human well beings as well as the enha ncement of the human understanding of the surrounding nature in terms of changing the traditions and the society. Discoveries due to Invention of the Microscope The invention of microscope occurred in the sixteenth century. Believed to have been invented in Netherlands, the technology of the microscope was developed over time by the improvement on the lenses and other features of the microscope. Some of the significant discoveries made through the use of microscopes include the discovery of yeast fungus by Louis Pasteur and the discovery of cells that led to the cell theory (Microscopy, n.d). The Discovery of Yeast Fungus The discovery of yeast fungus is attributed to Louis Pasteur who was a French national. Born in the year 1822, Louis was schooled to advanced levels of education even though most of his teachers didn’t think of him as worth the higher levels of education. Louis Pasteur was the first personality to lay down the foundation of fermentation. He illustrated in hi s discovery the process by which yeast aids the process in which alcohol can be obtained from sugar. In his discovery, Louis disapproved the initial perception that the process of brewing alcohol from sugar was a purely a chemical process rather than a biological process.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the discovery, he demonstrated that yeast is living organisms that can undertake a process of anaerobic respiration that yields fermentation (Science, 2011). The discovery made by Louis that established yeast as the driving engine behind the brewing of alcohol changed the traditional perception that the brewing process was chemical. It had been previously assumed and believed that the process of brewing alcohol was primarily a chemical reaction. The assumption of the chemical process in the conversion of sugar into alcohol subsequently covered a lot of risks that alcohol expo sed people to as a result of its bacterial components. In the discovery, it was realized that the fermentation process was infested by a number of disease causing micro organisms that included bacteria, fungi and a number of yeast species. As a result of the presence of disease causing organism in the fermentation process, steps were taken by another scientist to eliminate these organisms from yeast. The success of this elimination strategy allowed for a brewing process that was free from the micro organisms apart from the yeast. There were further studies and successes in the refining of the fermentation process which was fueled by Louis’ discovery of the yeast as the basis of fermentation. The move saw the development of the brewing industry and the elimination of disease causing organisms as components of alcohol. By so doing, the discovery by Louis improved the welfare of people by setting a stage upon which their health was taken care of. The elimination of the bacteria and the other organisms from yeast and further developments of the brewing process had the positive effects of eliminating the diseases and medical complications that were caused by these micro organisms. The discovery of the yeast further led to development of the knowledge of the biological sector of micro organisms and the subject of anaerobic respiration (Khachatourians and Arora, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Discovery of Cells and the Cell Theory The discovery of cells was made by an English man called Robert Hook. Hook, after designing and upon using a microscope, made an observation in 1665 of substances whose composition he expressed as numerous little boxes. He named the little boxes as cells derived from the Latin meaning of â€Å"little room†. The discovery made by Hook broke the traditional belief that had exist ed among people that human body is one whole and uniform substance. Hook on the contrary brought people to the realization that a human body is made up of small tiny substances called cells. It has further been established that cells are the primary building elements of organisms (Crown, 2003). The discovery of cells, after a number of studies led to the establishment of the cell theory. The concept of the cell theory explained that â€Å"organisms are composed of similar units of organization called cells† (Meisler, 2006, p. 1). Having its history from as early as 1838, the theory described the cell as distinct element with its own features and as a component of a bigger structure which is the organism. The cell theory established the facts that living organisms are composed of these elementary cells, that the cells in the organisms are both structural elements and functional components of the organisms; cells are genetic with features that are transmitted during cell divisi on and that the cells have similar composition. The establishment of the cell theory, however, originates from the discovery of cells by Hook which was facilitated by the invention of the microscope. The discovery of cells refuted the earlier perception that the body organs were a uniform mass of substance. The discovery on the contrary illustrated that the structural organs of organisms are composed of small cells that together forms the organs or body parts. The discovery subsequently led the advancement of knowledge through further discoveries and studies about cells and the organs that they form. The extension of the discovery and the study of the cells to the discovery and study of the nucleus by Brown and the further exploration of the components of cell, types of cells such as the reproductive cells and the DNA cells have been explorations in the subject of biology. The study of the human anatomy which also originated from the discovery of cells has led to discoveries and imp rovement of human health through discovery of medicines that help in preserving human health. The cell discovery though a small ancient innovation, has developed to be the core of human health (Meisler, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discoveries due to the Invention Telescope The invention of the telescope is, according Fowler (n.d.), officially attributed Galileo. The invention was formerly made by a man called Roger Bacon who failed to obtain a patent for his invention on the grounds that his innovation was too simple and could be easily reproduced. Galileo then later in his experiments discovered an improvement on the knowledge that pre existed. In his innovation, Galileo realized that the magnifying power highly depended on the ratio of the strengths of two lenses used in the system, the concave and the convex lenses. After his discovery and modifications, Galileo was granted tenure over the developments (Fowler, n.d.). The Dark Energy The invention of telescope opened the universe for study by astrologists. With a clearer and better view of the universe by aid of the telescope, many discoveries have since been made about the features of the universe and the changes that are taking place. One of the stunning discoveries made was the observation of the dark energy. Dark energy is a feature of the space. According to NASA (n.d.), the dark energy is exerting an effective force that is greatly accelerating the expansion of the universe. The discovery of the dark energy and the expansion of the universe posed a challenge to the previous theory of gravitational force. Under the theory of force of gravity, there would be no expansion of the universe as the force exerts an attraction towards the center. This discovery of the dark matter has further triggered the study into the universe by casting doubts on the centrifugal theory (NASA, n.d.). Walker (2010) expressed the fear that the extensiveness and totality of the dark energy in the universe which has a negative implication on the strength of the gravitational force yields a reason for worry. He recounted that scientists consider the dark energy to be a threat to the universe, though they estimate that the universe still has billions of yea rs of existence. The discovery is greatly developing the understanding of the state of the universe as more effort is being made to understand the effects of the dark energy. The dark energy is still more of a mystery but could turn out to be advantageous or dangerous to the welfare of people. More of its nature and effects are yet to be discovered (Walker, 2010). Planetary Nebulae The planetary nebulae have their history of discovery dating from the eighteenth century. The name nebula was accorded to these matters owing to their similarities to the color of Uranus and Neptune. The nebulae are gaseous substances with a fuzzy view and a recognized level of symmetry (Kwok, 2007). Their discovery added to the richness of the study of the universe. The ability to identify and view planetary nebulae was basically due to the existence of the telescope that has exposed the universe to exploration. Their discovery further led to advanced study that led to the revelation of how they are form ed, their properties and their distribution. The discovery can therefore be similarly credited with enhancement of human knowledge of the universe in general, and that about the planetary nebulae in particular. The knowledge of the formation of the planetary nebulae for example illustrates that evolution of a star leads to emission of a great wind. An instability created in the process leads to the breakage of the outer layer of the star. This results in hot substances that can then be seen as a glowing disc. An important idea noted about the planetary nebulae is the fact that they are reabsorbed into the â€Å"interstellar medium†. This means that the emissions in the process of the formation of the nebulae do not spread to the earth. This has a significant importance to the general inhabitants of the earth considering the fact that some of the foreign emissions into the earth’s atmosphere are normally dangerous with adverse side effects. An illustrative example is th e harmful ultra violet radiations into the atmosphere. The knowledge of the reabsorbing these emissions into their systems is a relief that builds confidence in people concerning their safety and welfare on earth. The discovery of the planetary nebulae has therefore promoted the development of knowledge through furthering studies and invention as well as stabilizing fears of external threats to the earth’s atmosphere (Darling, n.d.). Conclusion The world of discoveries and inventions has been in existence for over centuries. The inventions have been diverse covering both theories and instruments. The discoveries and inventions are on their merits spontaneous processes with one step leading to a chain of further discoveries and inventions. An illustration is seen in the invention of the telescope and the microscope that further led to discoveries of elements like the brewing process, the cell theory, the dark matter as well as the planetary nebulae of the space. These discover ies have in one way or the other developed the human knowledge by furthering studies and as well enhanced the well being of people either socially or in terms of health. References Crown. (2003). The discovery of cells. Strengthening Teaching and Learning of Cells. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=6ved=0CFUQFjAFurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.school-portal.co.uk%2FGroupDownloadFile.asp%3FGroupId%3D20629%26ResourceId%3D184101rct=jq=discovery%20of%20cellsei=OjiCTdelPI3W4gb8yvyACQusg=AFQjCNFNfuZDr4M94GIIv9XIXZxe2guWLgcad=rja Darling, D. ( n.d.). Planetary nebula. David darling Info. Retrieved from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/planneb.html Fowler, M. (n.d.). Galileo and the Telescope. University of Virginia. Retrieved from: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/galtel.htm Khachatourians, G. and Arora, K. (2002). Agriculture and Food Production, Volume 2. Netherlands: Elsevier. Kwok, S. (2007). Planetary nebulae. ScholarPedia. Retrieved f rom: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Planetary_nebulae Meisler, C. (2006). Cell Theory and Cell Organelles. Bemidjistate. Retrieved from: http://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/departments/science/k12-science-units/Celll-theoy-and-organelles-biology.pdf Microscopy. (n.d.). The history of the microscope. Microscopy. Retrieved from: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/intro/histo.html NASA. (n.d.). Dark energy, dark matter. Science NASA. Retrieved from: http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/ Science. (2011). Louis Pasteur. All About Science. Retrieved from: http://www.allaboutscience.org/louis-pasteur-faq.htm Walker, L. (2010). Will Dark Energy Destroy the Earth? Retrieved from: http://www.ucg.org/commentary/will-dark-energy-destroy-earth.htm This research paper on Inventions and Discoveries was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility

Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility Introduction The Apple Corporation is a multinational company that specializes in different types of electronics, among them computer software, commercial servers, phones, and also personal computers. In 2006, Foxconn, one of Apples final assembly supplier in China, faced press allegations of poor working and living conditions. As a result, Apple had inspections conducted at 11 factories. Since then, Apple has conducted supplier audits of all its suppliers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper examines Apple’s ethical and social responsibilities and their impacts on its reputation. The paper will further discuss the methods Apple can utilize to make sure its standards on wage and benefits are adhered to, determine the impacts of increased prices of goods on customer purchasing behavior, and provide an analysis o f Apple’s current marketing strategy. Apples Current Position on Ethical and Social Responsibilities In all its annual Supplier Code of Conduct reports, Apple states its ethical and social responsibilities. The latest report elaborated the company’s commitment to openness and transparency, accountability, labor, and human rights, worker empowerment, environment, health, and safety. Ethical Responsibilities Apple has a set of standards that govern its suppliers ethical conduct. The company has set standards to safeguard its workers’ health and well being by establishing safety standards to improve workplace conditions. The company also empowers its workers technically and professionally. In its responsibilities to protect its workers human rights, Apple has put measures to protect labor and human rights. In conformity to international standards on labor, the report limits a week’s work to 60 hours and voluntary overtime (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 201 3). Further, the company empowers its workers by providing free educational opportunities and training. As pertains the workplace environment, Apple strives to ensure workplace safety by improving working conditions, offering training on hazards, and working with the academic community (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2013). Social Responsibilities The company commits itself to the protection and conservation of the environment. The report states that ‘we take great care to design environmentally sound products’ (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2013, p. 25). Apple commits itself to ensure that all suppliers conserve the environment: ‘we work with suppliers to make sure they are using environmentally responsible manufacturing processes wherever those products are made’ (26).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apple has continuously be en fulfilling its ethical and social responsibilities. To maintain its progress, the company conducts audits of all its suppliers. Audit results, published in the 2013 Supplier Code of Conduct reports, indicate that the company has observed its ethics and responsibilities. Audit results conducted on all its facilities indicate that 77% of its suppliers complied with labor and human rights. In instances that suppliers did not comply with the set standards, the company safeguarded the right of the employees and demanded compensation and other necessary actions (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2013). The company has so far continued to observe its ethical and social responsibilities. This can be measured by the following examples of actions taken on suppliers who did not adhere to set standards. The elimination of child labor by Foxconn supplier. The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct (2011) recorded a decrease in child labor cases in its Foxconn supplier. The termination of its business with a facility that presented falsified payroll records and provided misleading interview answers during an auditing (Apple Supplier Code of Conduct, 2011). Impact of the Publication on Ethics and Social Responsibility on Apple’s Reputation Although Apple has suffered press allegations and NGO criticism on its practices, it is highly ranked by its customers. The fact that, in a survey on Corporate Reputation and Social Responsibility Rankings (2010) in U.S Apple was rated six by consumers, pertains its social responsibility. Its diversity of products also made it difficult for its consumers to adapt their consumption. This character was outstanding and acted as strength to winning consumer loyalty (Yoffie Renee, 2010). A report by Students Scholars against Corporate Misbehavior found that publication of suicide in Foxconn in 2010 by various media houses and blogs did not have any effect on Apple’s revenue levels (Workers as Machines: Military Management in Foxconn, 2010, para.2). Another indication that the company’s reputation was not affected was the launch of a new product, the iPhone 4 less than four months after the publications. The product’s uniqueness and functions led to huge sales (Diaz, 2010). The launch of the new product into the market sold the masked news on the harsh living and working conditions of workers who designed the products.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Apple Corporation Social and Ethical Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Suppliers adherence to wage and benefits standards In its commitment to safeguarding its standard on wage and benefits, the company can apply the following methods to ensure that its suppliers adhere to stated standards. Application of compliance monitoring Although an audit is conducted annually, several compliance checks would be necessary to ensure that the company’s regulations are followed. The application of announced and unannounced compliance monitoring will keep its suppliers at its toes and ensure that it complies with all stated regulations. Introduction of strict penalties Application of heavy penalties would make sure that suppliers pay their employees’ wages and benefits. Companies that do not want to be penalized would make sure that they adhere to the stated rules. In cases of gross misconduct, the company could terminate its services with the retailer completely by giving them a grace period with assurance or termination of services. No supplier would want to lose their contract. Impact of Increase in Products Price to Customers I believe that the increase in the price of products would not affect computer buying trends largely. The company has so far managed to meet the consumer demands of the public. The uniqueness and advancement of products have led to the creation of loyalty among consumers. Thus, it caters for consumer needs in the ma rket, a factor that makes it outdo other companies. With innovation, Apple can easily apply the value culture to its targeted customer. According to this culture, when customers are satisfied with a certain product, they would be willing to pay more for the perceived value of the product. As a matter of fact, with innovations, I strongly believe that the company would increase the selling price of its products to improve the remuneration of its members of staff. Apple can apply the philosophy of value culture versus cost culture. This philosophy does not necessarily consider what is thought as fair, but what is competitively achievable, and especially for goods sold at a high price and relatively lower value of products made (Sethi, 2012). Consequently, I believe that despite the competition, Apple is capable of setting new unequaled standards and price that perfectly suits its target class and at the same time generates revenue and increases the wages of its members of staff.Advert ising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apple’s Current Marketing Strategy Apple does not rely on media advertisements marketing strategy. Its greatest market strategy is based on selling value and not the price. The product itself acts as a marketing tool and work of mouth on the goodness of the product is all that markets products from Apple. Marketing strategies employed include: Branding Apple has employed the use of emotional and hopeful messages to promote consumer perceptions of its brand. The Company employs advertisements that bring out peoples’ emotions. The color and presentation of their products make people want to be connected with the company. The brand represents a lifestyle, innovation, dreams, and technology power that makes many people want to relate to Apple. Quantity versus Quality The company’s approach to quality, seen in varieties of commodities in the market, remains more quality and less in quantity. Apple’s ability to innovate and sustain varieties of its products to cater to consumer needs is seen as the ingestion of its products rise. They have different products offering almost the same services. A person would be spoilt for choice in buying an iPod, iPad, or iTunes. Innovation Through its innovativeness, Apple creates a competitive environment for its rivals. The company invests in time, packaging their products. They make sure that designing and packaging is impressive and satisfactory. This has led to the introduction of impressive products into the market that would make one not think about their prices but the quality and service. Consumer Needs Another marketing strategy employed by the company is considering customers’ needs and creating a communication to cater for their needs using innovative products. Apple combines the striking jargons for those who prefer, but they go beyond that and focus more on the beneficial outcomes than the customer. For instance, they do not just show catchphrases like ‘glass that it edge to ed ge’ retina and so on, but their presentation is more of captivating to learn not to fear. Recommendations To improve its competitive environment in the global market, Apple needs to make a more user-friendly application system. Applications that can run with its operating system can only be downloaded from an application store. This makes its users lack the choice of varieties. Its introduction would encourage the use of different applications of its products. Android, Apple’s competitor, has products that have more distribution channels, making their products more user-friendly in terms of accessing applications. The company should also strive to eradicate the anti-capitalist idea associating its products at high prices. This can be accomplished by introducing the production of cheap and quality merchandise. The achievement will cater to all groups of interests in the market. Android, a vital competitor in the market, has products retailing at from 65$ to 500$. Androi d has created a general impression in the society that the company recognizes all groups of people. As a result, it serves people from different economic capabilities. Conclusion Apple’s achievements root in their competence in innovativeness. This has led to consumer satisfaction. The company offers products that cater to the technology needs of the existing marketplace. The originality of their products also increases consumer consumption rates. Originality also makes consumers increase their confidence in the company’s quality of merchandise. References Apple Supplier Responsibility: 2011 Progress Report. (2011). Web. Apple Supplier Responsibility: 2013 Progress Report.(2013). Web. Corporate Reputation and Social Responsibility Rankings. (2010). Web. Diaz, J. (2010).â€Å"iPhone 4: The Definitive Guide.† Web. Sethi, P. (2012). Two Faces of Apple. Web. Workers as Machines: Military Management in Foxconn. Students Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior. (2010) . Web. Yoffie, B. Renee, K. (2010). Apple Inc. in 2010. Web.

In what way and with what kind of strategic choice does the Apple Inc Assignment

In what way and with what kind of strategic choice does the Apple Inc. use to entry into the Nigerian market - Assignment Example Moreover, its establishment into the international computer market brought further success to the company. Apple is significantly known for its iPod, iPad, iPhone, iTunes etc. The company has also manufactured revolutionary OSX operating systems and Mac Laptops (ERGONOMICS, 2013). In the late December 2012, Apple Inc. made a significant entrance into the Nigerian Computer Market as per its international expansion strategy. There are certain variables which drives the company’s successful expansion strategies simultaneously increasing its market share while successfully competing with competitors. Apple Inc. provides remarkable services to its users in Nigeria apart from the wide range of products. These services include support programs on how to use Apple products, manuals provided by the company so as to troubleshoot the problems associated with any of the sold items, technical guidance and system specifications, downloading options of latest software and updates for existing programs and most significantly it provides community facility to its users which enables them to share and discus their ideas and issues with other Apple users (SUPPORT, 2013). This paper aims to critically discuss and evaluate the strategic approach used by Apple Inc. so as to enter into the Nigerian Market. Additionally, it will highlight the reasons for the company’s international expansion and its historical performance throughout the world. Apple Inc. has one of the finest and most advanced range of computers which enables the company to successfully run its strategic activities all over the globe, and therefore these products along with the services shall be discussed. Moreover, the company’s market share and competitive position within the industry shall be analyzed. Whenever a multinational corporation enters into a comparatively new market it has certain reasons and underlying causes for its

Injury and Illness Prevention Program Term Paper

Injury and Illness Prevention Program - Term Paper Example The United States Department of Labor addressed this problem and created the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. This act is geared towards the prevention of injuries and illnesses found during work by requiring employers to provide safe, working conditions that are free from dangers for their employees. The act also made the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) that serves as the enforcers of the law, and it implements standards that describe methods that employers must utilize to protect their employees from hazards. Some of these standards include fall protection, prevention of infectious diseases, limiting exposure to harmful substances, provision of safety equipment, and giving training for dangerous jobs. It is the workers’ right to be protected on the job (OSHA, n.d.). In 2011, almost three million nonfatal workplace injuries were reported to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012). 94.8% of these consisted of injuries in the workplace while 5.2% accounted for illnesses. Among the 94.8% of injuries, there are 7 ‘compensable’ claims, which are serious injuries that really hurt the employees to the extent that they could not work, or are disabled. The seven compensable claims are: Other health hazards available in the workplace that can cause illness are non-communicable and communicable diseases. The common non-communicable diseases common in the adult working class are Heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes. These non-communicable diseases are a burden on the global workforce. According to the World Health Organization (2008), in 2005, Non-communicable diseases made up 60% of all deaths worldwide. Aside from affecting the workers and their families, these diseases can also affect the economy. One example is that the WHO estimates that China can lose around 558 Billion International dollars from 2005-2015 due to

Fresh Water Essay Example for Free

Fresh Water Essay The greatest similarity between fresh and salt water is that both are basically the same chemical water, although the contents of other materials dissolved in it differ. Both contain some amount dissolved chemical in it though the quantities vary. Both form different links in the water cycle of the nature. Both are homes to aquatic life. Difference: Salt water contains much higher quantities of dissolved chemicals as compared to fresh water. This higher concentration of chemical also raises the density of salt water above that of fresh water. Plant and animals living in two types of water bodies are different. Salt water is found only as large standing bodies of water. Most of these are in form of seas and oceans, although though some lakes including very large ones considered to be sea also contain salt water. Fresh water is found in standing bodies of water called lakes, as well as running water as in rivers and streams. Fresh water is available in many other forms such as in rain, and ice caps in the poles and in very cold places. However no fresh water is found in seas and oceans. Fresh water is used for drinking as well as many industrial processes. However salt water is generally not suitable for most of the industrial use except for cooling. On the other hand salt water is used as a source of some chemicals, particularly common salt. Freshwater does not yield any such chemicals. Comparing Fresh water and ocean water, each has their differences. Most notable is animals living in each. The animals that live in the Salt ocean water would not survive in fresh water for an extended length of time. Same holds true for fresh water animals. However there are a few species that have adapted and can live in both. Some Salt water animals have also evolved to live in Fresh water. Humans cannot drink ocean water without dying. The salt in it dehydrates you to the point you die of thirst. In order to drink ocean water you have to desalinate it in one of many ways. Boiling it being one way. Ocean water also contains every natural element on the planet. If we could find a way to mine the water that is cost effective, we would have a lot more resources. Ocean water freezes at 26 degrees F and fresh at 32. While only 6 degrees difference in water terms that is huge. It prevents a vast amount of the oceans from freezing over in the winter, of course global warming has helped with that. As for your comment of only 3% of the worlds oceans is fresh water, it is very true. While there is a lot of surface area of fresh water the oceans are miles deep. The deepest point on Earth is approx 35,000ft below sea level or about 6. 75 miles down. Many of the deepest lakes only hit about 2000 to 3000 ft deep. Also when you compare the surface area of the fresh water bodies comparies to the oceans there isnt much. The great lakes between Canada and the USA contain 20% of all fresh water on the planet. That is enough water to cover the entire USA with 9. 5 feet of water. When compared to the oceans that isnt much. So dont be surprised. Fresh water is lighter than salt water. Therefore, fresh water floats on top of salt water. This principle becomes extremely important when considering the drilling of a well in order to tap into the ground water of any island. The weight of the rain water that percolates into the ground depresses the salt water beneath it forming a profile that has the appearance of a lens. This is called the Ghyben-Herzberg lens. The principle of this relationship was discovered independently by a Dutch scientist named Baden-Ghyben and a German scientist named Herzberg. The underground boundary that separates the fresh water layer from the salt water is not a sharp boundary line. In reality, this boundary is a transition zone of brackish water (fresh/salt mixture). This is caused by seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, tidal action, and the amount of water being withdrawn either by humans or by natural discharge. Fresh water has a density of 1. 0 while salt water has a density of 1. 025. From this, you can see that salt water is slightly heavier than fresh water. The ratio between the two is 41:40. The formation of the Ghyben-Herzberg lens has a profound effect upon the availability of fresh water on an island. This principle essentially states that for every foot of ground water above sea level there are forty feet of fresh water below sea level! The mathematical formula for the fresh to salt water relationship is: hs = hf / es ef where hs is the depth of fresh water below sea level, hf is the depth of fresh water above sea level, es is the density of salt water, and ef is the density of fresh water. Using the common density figures for fresh and salt water the formula can thus be simplified into hs = hf / . 025 Understand that this applies only to fresh ground water that is sitting directly on an intruded body of salt water. It has no meaning on a large island where an inland body of ground water may be confined by layers and dikes of lava rock. On islands that are largely composed of dense lava rock, little if any salt water intrudes very far into the underlying rock structure. It is generally only in shoreline regions that salt water intrudes into the cracks, crevices, and loose rock spaces. On low, small islands that are largely composed of coral or other porous materials, salt water intrusion into the underlying interior is quite common. The drilling or digging of wells on these islands and especially on along the shoreline must be done with care. Going too deeply will penetrate the transition zone and result in salt water infiltration and the contamination of the fresh water in the well. I have seen such a well dug in solid lava rock along the shoreline in the Ka u District on the island of Hawai‘i. This well was located a few feet above the high tide line approximately a hundred feet from the ocean. The opening was rectangular, about 3 1/2 feet wide, and 6+ feet long. On one end a set of stairs had been cut into the rock allowing one to walk down five or six feet to the level of the well water. This well was unused as there are no dwellings or settlements in the immediate area. In fact, the area was considered to be range land where a few head of cattle managed to find enough to eat in this dry, desert-like environment. The size and construction of the well indicated that at one time it may have served a considerable number of people and possibly even an old Hawaiian village. Unfortunately the well had been abandoned and neglected. It contained a fair amount of decaying leaves and grass. There was also a considerable amount of broken glass from beer bottles that had been thrown against the interior sides of the well. This was probably done by shore fishermen who frequented the area from time to time and used the well as a convenient trash dump during evening camping parties. Nonetheless, the well serves as an excellent example of the Ghyben-Herzberg lenss importance to the availability of fresh water in a place where one might think that none can be found. I already had listed some differences of salt water versus fresh water so here are some similarities;

Education and Computers :: Teaching Technology Essays

Education and Computers It’s hard to imagine a classroom without a computer now days.Computer have become essential for teaching and learning, but is this good or bad?In this paper I would like to discuss the positive and negative ways computers have impacted the education system. There has been many ways in which computers have impacted education.One way is the ability students and teacher have to write a paper using Microsoft word processor. [1]This allows them to save the paper and make corrections without having to rewrite the paper each time a mistake is made.A spelling and grammar check is available at the click of a button to make sure you don’t have and big spelling or grammar mistakes.Though this function doesn’t find typos that are correctly spelled words in the wrong place (for example too or to) it does catch a majority of the problems.There are even programs designed to allow a person to write a paper in one language in one language and then change it to a different language with out knowing the language. There are other software products that help a teacher take inventory of supplies and monitor student’s progress.Microsoft Excel is a very good example to such a product.Excel is a spreadsheet program that allows teacher to keep track of students’ grades without having to do a lot of math.It allows teachers to enter the students’ scores and an equation for calculating the scores then it automatically does the math.This assists the teacher in finding out the students’ progress as an individual and as a group.The teacher can identify strengths and weaknesses from this data and adjust accordingly.The teacher can also see the range of knowledge their students have. In the lower grades educational computer games can be used as a teaching resource.They can serve as a reward or motivation for hard work and good attendance.They can help reinforce the material being taught and in older children computer games can be used to expand on educational concepts.Math Blaster, Sonics ABC’s, and hangman are just a couple of games that can be used in a classroom.Sonics ABC’s and hangman are both games that allow children to simply spell words.In contrast Math Blaster has a plot.In this game the child must collect numbers and solve equations to receive the power to conquer the enemy.Games like these make learning fun and help spark a Childs will to learn.Even the Program Hooked on Phonics © is using computer games to improve their system.

Educational psychology Essay

School children in Durban, South Africa. In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults. A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which merely specifies what topics must be understood and to what level to achieve a particular grade or standard. An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the university–or via some other such method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science,social sciences, humanities and applied sciences. [5] Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curricula or within majors at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theater. [6] [edit]Preschools Main article: Preschool education The term preschool refers to a school for children who are not old enough to attend kindergarten. It is a nursery school. Preschool education is important because it can give a child the edge in a competitive world and education climate. [citation needed] While children who do not receive the fundamentals during their preschool years will be taught the alphabet, counting, shapes and colors and designs when they begin their formal education they will be behind the children who already possess thatknowledge. The true purpose behind kindergarten is â€Å"to provide a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three to seven year old children that aimed at unfolding the child’s physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them. †[7] [edit]Primary schools Main article: Primary education Primary school in open air. Teacher (priest) with class from the outskirts ofBucharest, around 1842. Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. [8] Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school. In India, compulsory education spans over twelve years, out of which children receive elementary education for 8 years. Elementary schooling consists of five years of primary schooling and 3 years of upper primary schooling. Various states in the republic of India provide 12 years of compulsory school education based on national curriculum framework designed by the National Council of Educational Research and Training. [edit]Secondary schools Main article: Secondary education Students working with a teacher at Albany Senior High School, New Zealand. Students in a classroom at Samdach Euv High School, Cambodia In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, â€Å"post-secondary†, or â€Å"higher† education (e. g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession. The emergence of secondary education in the United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (for instance, the emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both employers and employees, for the improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment. In Europe, grammar schools or academies date from as early as the 16th century, in the form of public schools, fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations, which themselves have an even longer history. MLC Kx12 in Portland, Oregon [edit]Autodidacticism Main article: Autodidacticism. Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is self-directed learning that is related to but different from informal learning. In a sense, autodidacticism is â€Å"learning on your own† or â€Å"by yourself†, and an autodidact is a self-teacher. Autodidacticism is a contemplative, absorbing process. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one’s life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U. S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin(naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician). [edit]Vocational Main article: Vocational education Vocational education is a form of education focused on direct and practical training for a specific trade or craft. Vocational education may come in the form of an apprenticeship or internship as well as institutions teaching courses such as carpentry, agriculture, engineering, medicine, architecture and the arts. [edit]Indigenous Main article: Indigenous education Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous  knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to â€Å"reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students. †[9] [edit]Anarchistic free schools Main article: Anarchistic free school An anarchistic free school (also anarchist free school and free school) is a decentralized network in which skills, information, and knowledge are shared without hierarchy or the institutional environment of formal schooling. Free school students may be adults, children, or both. This organisational structure is distinct from ones used by democratic free schools which permit children’s individual initiatives and learning endeavors within the context of a school democracy, and from free education where ‘traditional’ schooling is made available to pupils without charge. The open structure of free schools is intended to encourage self-reliance, critical consciousness, and personal development. Free schools often operate outside the market economy in favor of a gift economy. [citation needed] Nevertheless, the meaning of the â€Å"free† of free schools is not restricted to monetary cost, and can refer to an emphasis on free speech and student-centred education. [citation needed] [edit]Alternative Main article: Alternative education Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education (for all age groups and levels of education). This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual disability), but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods. Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political,scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools,independent schools, homeschooling and autodidacticism vary, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community. Alternative education may also allow for independent learning and engaging class activities. [10] [edit]Special. In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were often educated by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. Special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities in its early years, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning. [11] [edit]Education through recreation The concept of education through recreation was first applied to childhood development in the 19th century. [12] In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. [13] Educationalist Lawrence L. P. Jacks, who was also an early proponent of lifelong learning, best described the modern concept of education through recreation in the following quotation â€Å"A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well. â€Å"(Jacks, 1932). [14] Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life’s activities. [15] The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students. [15] ————————————————- [edit]Systems of higher education Main article: Higher education. The University of Cambridge is an institute of higher learning. Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt ofcertificates, diplomas, or academic degrees. Higher education generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. [edit]University systems Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, CTU in Prague. University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (orpostgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent, likeYale University, they can be public and State governed, like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, or they can be independent but State funded, like the University of Virginia. [edit]Open Higher education in particular is currently undergoing a transition towards open education, elearning alone is currently growing at 14x the rate of traditional learning. [16] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as it’s superior efficiency and results compared to traditionalist methods. [17] Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Open education is generally significantly cheaper than traditional campus based learning and in many cases even free. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. [18] Many people despite favorable studies on effectivness may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons. [19] The conventional merit system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities. Although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Currently many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal â€Å"academic value† to traditional degrees. [20] Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. [citation needed] There has been a culture forming around distance learning for people who are looking to enjoy the shared social aspects that many people value in traditional on campus education that is not often directly offered from open education. [citation needed] Examples of this are people in open education forming study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege. [edit]Liberal arts colleges. Saint Anselm College, a traditional New England liberal arts college. A liberal arts institution can be defined as a â€Å"college or university curriculum aimed at imparting broad general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. â€Å"[21] Although what is known today as the liberal arts college began in Europe,[22] the term is more commonly associated with Universities in theUnited States[citation needed]. Examples include St. John’s College, Reed College, Carleton College, and Smith College. [edit]Community colleges Main article: community colleges A nonresidential junior college offering courses to people living in a particular area. ————————————————- [edit]Technology Main article: Educational technology One of the most substantial uses in education is the use of technology. Also technology is an increasingly influential factor in education. Computers and mobile phones are used in developed countries both to complement established education practices and develop new ways of learning such as online education (a type of distance education). This gives students the opportunity to choose what they are interested in learning. The proliferation of computers also means the increase of programming and blogging. Technology offers powerful learning tools that demand new skills and understandings of students, including Multimedia, and provides new ways to engage students, such as Virtual learning environments. One such tool are virtual manipulatives, which are an â€Å"interactive, Web-based visual representation of a dynamic object that presents opportunities for constructing mathematical knowledge† (Moyer, Bolyard, & Spikell, 2002). In short, virtual manipulatives are dynamic visual/pictorial replicas of physical mathematical manipulatives, which have long been used to demonstrate and teach various mathematical concepts. Virtual manipulatives can be easily accessed on the Internet as stand-alone applets, allowing for easy access and use in a variety of educational settings. Emerging research into the effectiveness of virtual manipulatives as a teaching tool have yielded promising results, suggesting comparable, and in many cases superior overall concept-teaching effectiveness compared to standard teaching methods. [citation needed] Technology is being used more not only in administrative duties in education but also in the instruction of students. The use of technologies such as PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard is capturing the attention of students in the classroom. Technology is also being used in the assessment of students. One example is the Audience Response System (ARS), which allows immediate feedback tests and classroom discussions. [23] American students in 2001, in a computer fundamentals class taking a computer-based test Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a â€Å"diverse set of tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. †[24] These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), and telephony. There is increasing interest in how computers and the Internet can improve education at all levels, in both formal and non-formal settings. [25] Older ICT technologies, such as radio and television, have for over forty years been used for open and distance learning, although print remains the cheapest, most accessible and therefore most dominant delivery mechanism in both developed and developing countries. [26] In addition to classroom application and growth of e-learning opportunities for knowledge attainment, educators involved in student affairs programming have recognized the increasing importance of computer usage with data generation for and about students. Motivation and retention counselors, along with faculty and administrators, can impact the potential academic success of students by provision of technology based experiences in the University setting. [27] The use of computers and the Internet is in its infancy in developing countries, if these are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access. Usually, various technologies are used in combination rather than as the sole delivery mechanism. For example, the Kothmale Community Radio Internet uses both radio broadcasts and computer and Internet technologies to facilitate the sharing of information and provide educational opportunities in a rural community in Sri Lanka. [28] The Open University of the United Kingdom (UKOU), established in 1969 as the first educational institution in the world wholly dedicated to open and distance learning, still relies heavily on print-based materials supplemented by radio, television and, in recent years, online programming. [29] Similarly, the Indira Gandhi National Open University in India combines the use of print, recorded audio and video, broadcast radio and television, and audio conferencing technologies. [30] The term â€Å"computer-assisted learning† (CAL) has been increasingly used to describe the use of technology in teaching. Classrooms of the 21st century contain interactive white boards, tablets, mp3 players, laptops, etc. Wiki sites are another tool teachers can implement into CAL curricula for students to understand communication and collaboration efforts of group work through electronic means. [citation needed] Teachers are encouraged to embed these technological devices and services in the curriculum in order to enhance students learning and meet the needs of various types of learners. ————————————————- [edit]Adult Main article: Adult education Adult learning, or adult education, is the practice of training and developing skills in adults. It is also sometimes referred to as andragogy (the art and science of helping adults learn). Adult education has become common in many countries. It takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning and e-learning. A number of career specific courses such as veterinary assisting, medical billing and coding, real estate license,bookkeeping and many more are now available to students through the Internet. With the boom of information from availability of knowledge through means of internet and other modern low cost information exchange mechanisms people are beginning to take an attitude of Lifelong learning. To make knowledge andself improvement a lifelong focus as opposed to the more traditional view that knowledge and in particular value creating trade skills are to be learned just exclusively in youth. ————————————————- [edit]Learning modalities Students in laboratory, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University. There has been work on learning styles over the last two decades. Dunn and Dunn[31] focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli[32] recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner[33] identified individual talents or aptitudes in his Multiple Intelligencestheories. Based on the works of Jung, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter[34] focused on understanding how people’s personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc’s Type Delineator[35] follows a similar but more simplified approach. It is currently fashionable to divide education into different learning â€Å"modes†. The learning modalities[36] are probably the most common: * Visual: learning based on observation and seeing what is being learned. * Auditory: learning based on listening to instructions/information. * Kinesthetic: learning based on hands-on work and engaging in activities. Although it is claimed that, depending on their preferred learning modality, different teaching techniques have different levels of effectiveness,[37] recent research has argued â€Å"there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice. â€Å"[38] A consequence of this theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. [39]Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as VAK are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Instruction Teacher in a classroom in Madagascar Instruction is the facilitation of another’s learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on manysubjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. [42][43] With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student  bias. [44] ————————————————- [edit]Theory Main article: Education theory Education theory can refer to either a normative or a descriptive theory of education. In the first case, a theory means a postulation about what ought to be. It provides the â€Å"goals, norms, and standards for conducting the process of education. â€Å"[45] In the second case, it means â€Å"an hypothesis or set of hypotheses that have been verified by observation and experiment. â€Å"[46] A descriptive theory of education can be thought of as a conceptual scheme that ties together various â€Å"otherwise discrete particulars. . . For example, a cultural theory of education shows how the concept of culture can be used to organize and unify the variety of facts about how and what people learn. â€Å"[47] Likewise, for example, there is the behaviorist theory of education that comes from educational psychology and thefunctionalist theory of education that comes from sociology of education. [48] ————————————————- [edit]Economics Main article: Economics of education Students on their way to school, Hakha,Chin State, Myanmar It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. [49] Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country’s ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of â€Å"human capital†. Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions[50] and the role of cognitive skills. [51] At the individual level, there is a large literature, generally related back to the work of Jacob Mincer,[52] on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital of the individual. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. [53][54] Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other. [55] ————————————————- [edit]History Main article: History of education Nalanda ancient center for higher learning. Plato’s academy, mosaic from Pompeii. The history of education according to Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universitat Berlin 1994, â€Å"began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770†. Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. Adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. The evolution of culture, and human beings as a species depended on this practice of transmitting knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling continued from one generation to the next. Oral language developed into written symbols and letters. The depth and breadth of knowledge that could be preserved and passed soon increased exponentially. When cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond the basic skills of communicating, trading, gathering food, religious practices, etc. , formal education, and schooling, eventually followed. Schooling in this sense was already in place in Egypt between 3000 and 500BC. [citation needed] The first large established university is thought to be Nalanda established in 427 A. D in India. [56][unreliable source? ] At its peak, the university attracted scholars and students from as far away as Tibet, China, Greece, and Persia. The first university establishments in the western world are thought to beUniversity of Bologna (founded in 1088) and later Oxford university (founded around 1096). A depiction of the University of Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088. Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid’s Elementspublished in 1607. In the West, Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC. Plato was the Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician and writer of philosophical dialogues who founded the Academy in Athens which was the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Inspired by the admonition of his mentor, Socrates, prior to his unjust execution that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living†, Plato and his student, the political scientist Aristotle, helped lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [57] The city of Alexandria in Egypt was founded in 330BC, became the successor to Athens as the intellectual cradle of the Western World. The city hosted such leading lights as the mathematician Euclidand anatomist Herophilus; constructed the great Library of Alexandria; and translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek (called the Septuagint for it was the work of 70 translators). Greek civilization was subsumed within the Roman Empire. While the Roman Empire and its new Christian religion survived in an increasingly Hellenised form in the Byzantine Empire centered at Constantinople in the East, Western civilization suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in AD 476. [58] In the East, Confucius (551-479), of the State of Lu, was China’s most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbours like Korea, Japan and Vietnam. He gathered disciples and searched in vain for a ruler who would adopt his ideals for good governance, but his Analects were written down by followers and have continued to influence education in the East into the modern era. In Western Europe after the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church emerged as the unifying force. Initially the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe, the church established Cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe’s modern universities. [58] During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School.