The Architecture of Cathedrals and Great Churches

The nave of Amines Cathedral The Amines cathedral is the tallest complete cathedral in France, its stone-vaulted nave reaching an internal height of 42. 30 meters (138. Oft). The lower nave completed by the sass's under the direction of Robert De Leaches. Thomas De Cormorant completed the upper nave in the sass's and later the radiating chapels. The plan of Amines Cathedral is like that of the other Classical cathedrals at Chartres and Reams, as well as the Notre-Dame in Paris: a three-aisled nave with a twin-towered west facade, a three-aisled transept, a five-aisled choir, an ambulatory, and radiating happens.The whole design reflects the builders' confident use of the complete High Gothic structural vocabulary: the rectangular-bay system, the four-part rib vault, and a buttressing system that permitted almost complete dissolution of heavy masses and thick weight-bearing walls. At Amines, the concept of a self-sustaining skeletal architecture reached full maturity. The remaining st retches of wall seem to serve no purpose other than to provide a weather screen for the interior. Amines Cathedral is one of the most impressive examples of the French Gothic obsession with instructing ever taller churches.Using their new skeletal frames of stone, French builders attempted goals almost beyond limit, pushing to new heights with increasingly slender supports. The tense, strong lines of the Amines vault ribs converge at the colonnades and speed down the shell-like walls to the compound piers. The nave of Santa Crock Santa Crock is the largest Franciscan church in Florence. The construction started in 1295 by architect Arnold did Cambial and completed in 1442. The church is simple basilica style with a nave and two isles.The nave is mom wide and wooden ceiling is the succession of early Christian architecture. Basically the building is modified- Gothic style which has come from Sectarian church and has bring into Tuscany. The imposing interior has a nave and two side ai sles separated by slender octagonal piers from which spring spacious pointed arches with a double molding. The nave is wide and well-lit, with massive widely-spaced piers supporting pointed arches. The ancient choir placed in the central nave of the church was demolished. The Architecture of Cathedrals and Great Churches By mastoid

A Lesson Before Dying. “If We Must Die” by Claude Mckay Essay

In the passages â€Å"If We Must Die† by Claude McKay, the speaker set a courageous tone by using words like â€Å"brave†, â€Å"fighting†, and â€Å"honor† in sentences throughout the passage to show that the men were not afraid although they were outnumbered. This work of literature teaches the reader that if a group of people can come together as one they can be more powerful then a greater population. In the literary work â€Å"A Lesson Before Dying† by Ernest J. Gaines, Jefferson’s tone was cowardly/immature in the beginning of the book, but as the book progressed his tone changed to him being more spirited and content. In â€Å"A Lesson Before Dying† we can learn from Jefferson that although someone puts you down, you should be able to ignore it and move on from it with some pride. The speaker and character in these works of literature used different tones throughout the passages. In the poem â€Å"If We Must Die† by Claude McKay, the speaker conveys a courageous tone throughout the passage. Some examples of the speaker setting a courageous tone are in the lines â€Å"If we must die, let it not be like hogs† and â€Å"If we must die, O let us nobly die† this means that no matter how anyone treats them, if they die, they’re going to die like men with pride and dignity. Also in the line â€Å"Though fat outnumbered let us show brave, and for there thousand blows deal one death blow!† this line sets a courageous tone because although they are far outnumbered and the enemies will be much stronger individually, they’re going to come together as one to attack with more intensity then the enemies. The last line that creates a courageous tone is â€Å"Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back† this means that they fought to the second that they died, dying bravely and with pride. In this passage a courageous tone was set because the speaker talked about even though the men knew they were highly outnumbered and out powered, they still fought with pride to the death. In the book â€Å"A Lesson Before Dying† by Ernest J. Gaines, Jefferson showed a cowardly and immature tone. When Jefferson was called a hog by his defense attorney in the beginning of the book he couldn’t get over it. Whenever Grant would visit him and try to help, Jefferson would ignore Grant. Even when Grant brought Jefferson food from Ms. Emma, Jefferson gets on his hands and knees and starts to eat the food as if he was actually a hog. Jefferson began to become obsessed with the fact that he might actually be a hog. Grant thought it was going to be impossible to change his attitude, but Grant tells Jefferson that he his a role model to the black culture in the community and that Bayonne needs him to have dignity. This is when Jefferson’s tone changed to a more spirited and mature tone. He started to mature and engage in conversations with other people. Grant also bought him a radio, which made him saner. Jefferson now started to become content with the fact that he was going to die, and when he does die he’s going to die with dignity and with a positive aura on the black community. Within these two works of literature there are tones, which are used to get a point across more easily and put emphasis on certain details. There are also many similarities and differences between the two works. Some similarities are that in both of the passages they wanted to die like men by the end. Also in â€Å"If We Must Die† and â€Å"A Lesson Before Dying† both Jefferson and the speaker were treated like hogs, as well as in both literatures unfortunate situations were occurring throughout the stories. Some differences were that the speaker in â€Å"If We Must Die† had a brighter outlook on things compared to Jefferson who was very negative in the beginning. Another difference is that the speaker overcame being called a hog wanted to die with pride but Jefferson on the other hand was very sensitive about it and took it to the heart. These two works of literature had their similarities and differences but for the most part these passages had similar outcomes and tones.

The Financial Crisis of 2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Financial Crisis of 2008 - Essay Example [Wisman &Barker, 2008]. An interesting and relatively new idea is put forth by James Livingston in his book "Their Great Depression and Ours," Challenge. He argues that the cause of the Great Depression in the 1930s was poor wage performance leading to large profits in search of few investment opportunities. In another article, Saving Private Savings, or, The God That Failed he discusses at length the plausible reasons reasons for the current economic crisis. While not blaming anyone in particular for the present economic crisis, he opines that economic growth is possible only through higher consumer demand and spending. This in turn requires higher savings. In his words, "economic growth has proceeded as a function of declining net investment for the last 90 years."As the sequence of events that should have been tax cuts, savings, investments by the government and higher job growth, higher wages and higher spending got mixed up, higher private savings from households and business firms were parked in the stock market, the speculative bubble had to burst, both in 1920s and now. 2) What are some of the similarities and differences between the current crisis and the one that launched the Great Depression The Great Depression of the 1930s was brought on by the crash of the Wall Street in September and October 1929.Stock prices tumbled by almost 50% in a matter of two months. The market had probably been overbought and had reached a peak before it came crashing down. The unpredictable stock markets that had been steadily rising for some time shed the excess fat and trimmed down considerably. Investors who had made good gains in stock markets the preceding years had borrowed from banks to invest more on the stock markets. When the markets crashed, there was panic all round. Banks were unable to recover debts, news of banks closing down spread and people wanted to withdraw all their savings. Banks were weary and wanted to sit on cash and stopped lending. This led to closure of the manufacturing units dependent on credit which in turn led to large scale unemployment. Finally the government took drastic steps to check the recession and the economy stopped declining. The similarities between the causes leading to the Great Depression and the economic situation seem to be the greed of human beings. Excess of anything is bad, especially greed. Rothschild is of the opinion that "herding" or the tendency to follow the crowd and "leveraging" or borrowing to make financial investments, were also common factors. In both the situations, greed fuelled people into higher borrowings and ultimately, they lost out on the capital too. In the 1930s, it was the greed of the common man that led to the Recession, while in 2008, it was the greed of the investment bankers and other financial wizards that led to the recession. Another similarity has been

How Marketing And the Communications Industry Transformed to the Research Paper

How Marketing And the Communications Industry Transformed to the Digital Marketing Era - Research Paper Example Introduction Publicis group is a multinational company based in Paris. The group provides media services, traditional and digital advertising, marketing services and consulting services to the clients. In the era of globalization the medium of advertisement has been changed and the type of advertisement also getting modernized. In the marketing and communications industry there was a transformation seen from the 1990s decade. The agencies change their campaign approaches. They are trying to communicating with the customers instead of communicating at the customers. The Publicis group wants to transform the group’s operation as they have bought Digitas. They have begun to identify a new model and for this they have to change the company’s agencies. Vivaki is a new strategic initiative designed to improve the advertisers’ marketing investments and thus boost the growth of the Publicis group. In this modern era of marketing and communications industry needs some inn ovative approaches for retaining the market share. The approach of Publicis group was innovative as four agencies came under one umbrella through which Vivaki can provide good services to the clients. Since launch Vivaki has not performed well but because of the financial crisis. The paper is an attempt to research about the problems with the group using various tools of analysis like TOWS and strategy tripod. The researcher has tried to provide some recommendations that what the company should do in this situation for their long term and short term profit. Analysis The strategy tripod model is the tool a company with respect to three major perspectives of strategy. The three perspectives are industry based view, resource based view and... This paper stresses that marketing and the communications industry has transformed to the digital marketing era from the traditional marketing. Till 2006 there were no digital shops in the top ten spots so the group has acquired Digitas. Digitas is an integrated digital advertising agency. In 2007 Digitas was in the first spot in the ranking of the top digital stores. After that the chairman of the company feels the needs to integrate the agencies that were under the group and then provide products to the clients. So the management has launched a new venture Vivaki which offers the combined scale of operations of four different agencies of the group. The author of the essay declares that At the inception the group has not performed well because of financial crisis. In this report the researcher has analyzed the situation. This report makes a conclusion that the firm should take care of the cultural issues arising as this company is multinational. The company should allocate the responsibility of the agencies who are working in collaboration so that the group can avoid the events like AT & T. They should use the balance scorecard for review the feedback of the clients and employees. As the approach of the company is innovative it can be said from the analysis that the group will be able to increase its market share if they apply the suggestions made by the researcher.

Investment Risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment Risk - Research Paper Example These might include people who either have very small investments or can not afford to diversify; or people who have very strong belief that the stock in which they have concentrated their investments into, will perform as good as they desire. There are many risks to an investment in stocks that an ordinary shareholder has to experience and has to deal with, in order to ensure that his or her investment does not result into a loss. One easiest way to minimize risks is to invest into only those stocks that belong to the companies that are generally called 'blue chips'. These are the most stable in the market and have little risk of the investment going bad. But, these are also accompanied by a lower rate of return. As a general rule, the higher the risk, the higher the gain, and vice versa. Hence, it is critical for the investor to understand the nature of company he or she is investing into. The risks are required to be kept low but at the same time, the purpose of the investment is to earn profits. This takes us to the discussion around the efficient frontier, which is explained as the optimum portfolio that gives the highest returns while ensuring the security and risk appetite of the investor. This is called as the optimal portfolio or operating at the efficient frontier. Whenever an investor invests into any stock, he or she takes on two broad kinds of risks, known as systematic risk and non-systematic risk. The systematic risk is due to market conditions like interest rate movements, recession in the economy and other factors that are not in the control of the investors. The non-systematic risk, however, is the one that can be reduced to lower levels using various strategies for risk management including diversification. Diversification is defined as keeping one's investments into different securities instead of keeping all money in one stock. This is important since different market conditions affect the stock market differently and this affect does not appear on all stocks in the same fashion. Hence, it is possible that an investor faces huge losses by keeping all the investments in specific stocks. Diversification allows the standard deviation around the desired average investment returns to be minimum which is what is desired from the stock inv estments. Any portfolio that lies on the efficient frontier has least risk and the most optimal return on the investment. Investors should aim to achieve this efficient frontier in order to reap the maximum benefits with least loss expectancy. Hence, the concepts of portfolio risk, portfolio investment theory and efficient frontier are closely tied together. This framework is called Modern Portfolio

Roman Games and their Role in Ancient Rome Research Paper

Roman Games and their Role in Ancient Rome - Research Paper Example While the different types of games including horse racing, gladiatorial combat and so on, all emerged from different origins, each had two important functions: to provide entertainment and titillation to the population, keeping them happy to be part of the Pax Romana and establishing aspects of Roman culture and rule across the breadth of the giant Empire, and as a commercial venture for those involved. There were two major types of games held during the Roman era: chariot racing and gladiatorial combat. Both were immensely popular, but chariot racing was one somewhat more common than gladiatorial games (Romano 387), partly because of the cost of the gladiatorial games, which could often end with an incredibly expensive and well trained slave being wounded or even killed. It is estimated that at their height, there were twenty-four races a day on sixty-six days of the year, meaning that races were relatively common but still rare enough to be of great entertainment value (Bennet 42). Chariot races would consist of several competitors racing in an oval around central pier in a building called a circus or, after the Greek fashion, a hippodrome. Roman chariot racing evolved from the Greek practice, which had been ongoing for centuries, with a recorded history dating back to the first Panhellenic games (Levick 117). Though the Roman one was probably adapted from the Etruscan adaption of Greek racing, it was also probably directly influenced by the Greek practice (Matz 33). While the evolution of Roman chariot racing evolved slowly over many centuries, and has distinctive origins that are somewhat difficult to trace, the origins of gladiatorial games, which involved two slaves fighting each other for public entertainment, are a bit clearer. It seems that it was an Etruscan religious practice amongst the wealthiest people in society to hold funerary games to send off the dead: perhaps to give them a companion to accompany them to the underworld (Minowa 89). These the n began to be a part of traditional religious practices during the Roman ludi (games), which were massive week long festivals that would also include dramatic performances, religious festivities honoring Jupiter, music, and other activities (including chariot racing) (Plecket 160). Gladiatorial combats were also held by various wealthy and/or powerful Romans (people were rarely one without being the other) for various reasons, including celebrating an event like a military victory, ascension to a position and so on (Tataki 369). While the origins of both chariot racing and gladiatorial games are somewhat obscure and debated, their role in Roman society is relatively clear. The Roman state, and the people who ran it, saw games as part of their patrician obligation to their populace (Boatwright 190). They would keep the population happy and entertained as well as thankful to the Roman state. This was true of games that were held as a part of ludi, which also had religious significance , as well as one-off games that were often more explicitly designed for entertainment. Furthermore, amphitheaters and circi were often installed in smaller cities in Roman provinces, making their connection with the Roman state strong and centralizing the importance of Roman culture that might be quite distant from its centre, Rome (Carter 300). This all plays a central part of the Roman character, the idea

Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Individual Project - Essay Example The primary factor of the stability of this system is the international relations of dealers. The women are threatened not only by their punishment, but also by their relatives. Corruption also serves as one of the factors for stability of a human trafficking phenomenon, because it â€Å"protects criminals and their political helpers and refuses to citizens in usual justice†. Such situation explains why many countries do so a little for struggle against the networks of human trafficking. The ranges the organizations, engaged in human trafficking, vary from the small groups, annually forwarding abroad some women, up to large criminal structures for which human trafficking is the main source of their income. Some dealers operate through the tourist agencies which form groups and receive visas for such women, as for usual tourists. Such method, in particular, has been revealed while studying the visas received in embassy of Germany in Moscow in the end of 1990th years. For some groups - for example, operating in Israel - human trafficking is a way of money-laundering because the incomes of criminal activity pass through bars and other institutions where women work. Quite often women are sold on account of debts payment of the dealer. The prices differ depending on the region; in Holland, for example, the woman can be sold to the brothel owner for 15 thousand dollars. In Turkey the prices are not so high, but nevertheless the Slavonic women are appreciated more, than th e women from Caucasus. The cruel treatment with the sold women in Belgium and the Netherlands became so obvious problem, that in the middle of 1990th years under the initiative of the Dutch and Belgian women parliamentary trial on this question have been held(Janice, 2001). The human trafficking represents the "multivariate" threat: it deprives with people of their human rights and freedom, it is a global risk for health, and this phenomenon supports the growth of

Managerial Economics Resit Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Economics Resit Assignment - Essay Example However, in a free market economy, price is highly influenced by the market forces of demand and supply and the utility or the value customers are expecting from a commodity is also influenced by these market forces. This paper addresses factors that determine the price of computers in a free market and explain why computer price has continued to fall even while the demand constantly increased. Price determinants of computer in free market Free market is a market system with few government restrictions on how a product or service can be produced and marketed or on how a factor of production can be employed (Kates, 2011). Government in all other market systems do intervene in matters regarding how a good or service can be produced and marketed and how factors of production such as land, labor, capital and organization can be employed more than in the case of free market. As there are relatively few government restrictions in countries like United States and Canada, their economies are said to be closer to free-market economy. In a free market economy, price is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. Consumers are willing to pay for a goods or service only if they are worth the price. Similarly, suppliers are ready to produce and market only if consumers are ready to pay for them. Market equilibrium occurs when market demand and supply are equal and this is how the price of a commodity is determined. Thus, value or utility of the commodity and willingness to pay are significant factors that determine the demand and supply forces in the market. In a free market mechanism, price is never affected by outside forces such as government restrictions. The resources are allocated by the spending decisions of millions of consumers and producers. As governments place no or relatively very less restrictions on what can be bought and sold, owners of factors of production and producers of goods and services have fuller right to buy and sell whatever they own thr ough the market system. When it comes to computers in a free-market, the price is determined according to the demand and supply forces. As depicted in the table and graph below, price of computers in a free market is determined in the equilibrium point where the demand for computers and its supply intersect. When price of the computers areas lower as 10,000 or 15,000, the demand may increase to 60 and 50 respectively and the supply will reduce to 20 and 30 respectively. As the table shows, there is only one price of shifts ($ 20,000) where the market is in equilibrium. Quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied at 40, 000 computers. At all other states, the market price is in disequilibrium wherein supply of computers and demand for computers are in a state of imbalance. Disequilibrium occurs either when the demand exceeds supply or the supply exceeds the demand for computers. Price per computer $ Demand (000 computers) Supply (000 computers) Market position Effects on price 10 ,000 60 20 Shortage Rise 15,000 50 30 Shortage Rise 20,000 40 40 Equilibrium Stable 25,000 30 50 Surplus Fall 30,000 20 60 Surplus Fall 35,000 10 70 Surplus Fall As far as computers in free-market mechanism is considered, government will not intervene in resource allocation. In other economic systems, governments may choose to interfere in the price mechanism mainly because they want to control,

Tissue Viability Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tissue Viability Nursing - Essay Example Besides of all these fields, a local and instantaneous help and prevention is of crucial importance for the disease treatment as well. Generally speaking, tissue viability implies protection and management of wounds (Ebersolle and Hess, 1998). Such important aspects as pressure ulcer prevention, leg ulcer prevention, chronic edema and infection control are integrative in the field of tissue viability treatment. In order to improve my nursing experience with taking care about patients with tissue viability, there is a need to improve the status of this disease in the healthcare system, especially, with regards to older patients. There are many drawbacks concerning the disease status on local and national levels: â€Å"It is useful to consider the amalgamation of tissue viability with related therapeutic areas for economy of scale, cost efficiency and improved delivery of care; †¦Services within the NHS have been too parochial, focusing on local issues rather than regional or nat ional ones† (Marshall, 2010). A high quality of tissue viability nursing depends not only on a nurse’s skills, but also implies a combination of many other external factors, which, if combined, would lead to a positive result. On the basis of my own experience, I would like to note that prevention is much more effective than tissue viability treatment. I have been engaged in tissue viability treatment at many different stages: from the process of the disease identification to the operational delivery of care. The following case happened to my patient with tissue viability and means a lot for me. One evening a patient with paraplegia has complained about septicaemia from a urinary infection. On my behalf, I performed caring actions, which I had to complete. Thus, I completed a pressure ulcer risk assessment that indicated the patient's high risk but he spent another night on a standard mattress overnight. As a result, a large sacral pressure ulcer was developed. In order to prevent such kind of incidents in my further practice, I had to communicate with my colleagues and to get support from a confidential counseling service. Moreover, in the institution where I am employed, such kind of incidents has shifted accents in the field of tissue viability, which has now been considered in the context of tissue damage prevention. Nurses are supposed to reduce infections they can bring to patients. For example, even if there are several sepses in wounds, efficient anti-microbial dressings of medical personnel can prevent further infection expansion (Spencer et al, 2001). With this regard, an efficient practical perfection in tissue viability nursing was introduced when our institution underlined that it is on behalf of all people involved in the treatment process to take a responsibility for infection level decrease and prevention. Anyone can bring germs into a nursing home and there is a need to prevent and take control over a potential hazardous level of infections. Therefore, I have been often involved in trainings devoted to infection level decrease and my knowledge has been constantly improved and modernized about the possible ways of protection against infection. Moreover, older people are not very attentive to their appearance; they have a lot of cognitive and mental problems, as well as

Healthcare Code of Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Healthcare Code of Ethics - Case Study Example This paper will therefore focus on discussing the content of Montefiore's Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics for Montefiore medical center is an explicit document containing the ethical principles and values to which the organization is committed to. The idea behind its establishment was to build the stated ethical principles into decision making at all ranks of the organization. Raymond (2008), states that the center's Code of Ethics grew out of the recognition that the health care / medical organizations had a massive impact on the type of health services available in the community and that the community's health needs were not adequately met. As a result, Montefiore medical center concluded that a code of ethics would be of tremendous help to the staff members, patients and other stakeholders. They therefore established and incorporated it into their management systems. Brian and Dennis (2009), indicates that Montefiore's Code of Ethics was the first established organizational code of ethics by a health care facility in the United States of America. This has played a major role in ensuring that the health facility is on the leading lane to a new level of ethical analysis of organizational decision making and aligning the stage on how the health facilities across the country make tough choices. This was therefore an important step towards improving the nation's health care. The medical center makes every effort to abide by the ethical principles stated in the Code of Ethics in all areas of medical education, community service, clinical research, patient care and all facets of administrative functions (Raymond, 2008). The stated ethical principles in the Code usually explain the guidelines for acceptable and decent behavior of managers, health care providers and the rest of the volunteers and associates. Therefore, Montefiore puts a lot of effort in order achieve the stated standards in all aspects of its clinical and organizational activities. To start with, the Code of Ethics outlines the organizational principles and clinical principles. Montefiore medical center is usually aware that the managers and their associate are ethically obliged to the staff, patients and the surrounding community. Therefore, it puts its efforts in creating an ethical organizational environment, engaging in responsible stewardship, supporting fair marketing, communication practices and pursuing a socially responsible agenda. It is also aware of its primary mission that focuses on providing high standards and ethically-based patient care. As a result, it monitors the quality of care, protects the patient's confidentiality and privacy, promotes multidisciplinary clinical consultation and supports ethical clinical decision making. In order to create an ethical organizational environment in Montefiore, the code of ethics states that ethical decision in the institution should be promoted through mechanisms that assimilate ethical analysis into administrative / clinical deliberation and policy development. Brian and Dennis (2009), states that the Code of Ethics seeks to promote the welfare of animals during research and to protect the rights of human subjects, develop strategies for applying the ethical principles, establish a criterion for resolving ethical disagreements, involve the staff in

After the Revolutionary War Essay Example for Free

After the Revolutionary War Essay After the Revolutionary War, many Americans realized that the government established by the Articles of Confederation was not working. America needed a new form of government. It had to be strong enough to maintain national unity over a large geographic area, but not so strong as to become a tyranny. Unable to find an exact model in history to fit Americas unique situation, delegates met at Philadelphia in 1787 to create their own solution to the problem. Their creation was the United States Constitution. Before the Constitution could become the supreme law of the land, it had to be ratified or approved by at least nine of the thirteen states. When the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention signed the Constitution on September 17, 1787, they knew ratification would not be easy. Many people were bitterly opposed to the proposed new system of government. A public debate soon erupted in each of the states over whether the new Constitution should be accepted. More important, it was a crucial debate on the future of the United States. The Federalist Papers Nowhere was the furor over the proposed Constitution more intense than in New York. Within days after it was signed, the Constitution became the subject of widespread criticism in the New York newspapers. Many commentators charged that the Constitution diminished the rights Americans had won in the Revolution. Fearful that the cause for the Constitution might be lost in his home state, Alexander Hamilton devised a plan to write a series of letters or essays rebutting the critics. It is not surprising that Hamilton, a brilliant lawyer, came forward at this moment to defend the new Constitution. At Philadelphia, he was the only New Yorker to have signed the Constitution. The other New York delegates had angrily left the Convention convinced that the rights of the people were being abandoned. Hamilton himself was very much in favor of strengthening the central government. Hamilton’s Constitution would have called for a president elected for life with the power to appoint state governors. Hamilton soon backed away from these ideas, and decided that the Constitution, as written, was the best one possible. Hamilton published his first essay in the New York Independent Journal on October 27, 1787. He signed the articles with the Roman name Publius. (The use of pseudonyms by writers on public affairs was a common practice.) Hamilton soon recruited two others, James Madison and John Jay, to contribute essays to the series. They also used the pseudonym Publius. James Madison, sometimes called the Father of the Constitution, had played a major role during the Philadelphia Convention. As a delegate from Virginia, he participated actively in the debates. He also kept detailed notes of the proceedings and drafted much of the Constitution. Unlike Hamilton and Madison, John Jay of New York had not been a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. A judge and diplomat, he was serving as secretary of foreign affairs in the national government. Between October 1787 and August 1788, Publius wrote 85 essays in several New York newspapers. Hamilton wrote over 60 percent of these essays and helped with the writing of others. Madison probably wrote about a third of them with Jay composing the rest. The essays had an immediate impact on the ratification debate in New York and in the other states. The demand for reprints was so great that one New York newspaper publisher printed the essays together in two volumes entitled The Federalist, A Collection of Essays, written in favor of the New Constitution, By a Citizen of New York. By this time the identity of Publius, never a well-kept secret, was pretty well known. The Federalist, also called The Federalist Papers, has served two very different purposes in American history. The 85 essays succeeded by helping to persuade doubtful New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution. Today, The Federalist Papers helps us to more clearly understand what the writers of the Constitution had in mind when they drafted that amazing document 200 years ago.

Traffic Accidents Essay Example for Free

Traffic Accidents Essay Traffic accidents are on the rise these days. Most of the accidents caused injuries or either worse death. Research have found that most of the accidents are caused by inexperienced drivers, for example young drivers. Young drivers tend to be more daring and are unable to avoid a crush when they face one. They tend to be more daring after drinking alcohol at night and this causes them to lose control of the car. Drunk driving will not only risk a person’s own life but may also cause an innivent life to be lost. The government should encourage the driving school to conduct driving lessons foryung drivers for a longer period. This will give them a clear picture about how accidents happen and teach them about the safety of others on the road. Drivers that have been in an accident after drunk driving should be ban from driving for at least two years and be given driving lessons again. However, for the aged drivers, the government should not only lowered the age limit but also check the capability of the aged drivers for instance eyesight, hearing and other related health conditions to ensure safe driving. It does not mean that an aged person are not fit to drive and has a problem with the heart but a young or a middle aged person could also have heart failure these days. To conclude, I feel that to raise the agelimit of young drivers arenot the best solution but to give them more driving lessons about the problems they may encounter on the road and to ban them from driving if they have caused an accident due to carelessness. As for the age drivers, as long as they are capable on the road before a certain age and there are no health issues there shouldn’t be a problem.

Approaches to Combating Terrorism

Approaches to Combating Terrorism Discuss intelligence approaches to combating terrorism? In 2011, DOJ and FBI operate 104 Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) in the United States of America. Both the agencies includes 4,000 law interpreting officers and agents whose duty is to inquire the terrorism related events taking place in USA. To investigate terrorist plots their operations are highly tactual and focused on the investigation. Through investigation intelligence got constituted to restrict and defeat terrorist acts. JTTFs develop an important system to share intelligence news with FBI who further conveys it to other agencies to overpower terrorism. The other major work of these task forces is to develop harmony between low interpreting sources and the state with United States of America on intelligence related matters. The threat of homegrown jihadists occurred and the several top most security clearance issued to local police working with JTTF. A significant dilemma for law enforcement and intelligence officials who straddle the public realm of ideas and the secretiv e realm of terrorist operations is how to sift the law-abiding, nonviolent radical attracted to jihadist rhetoric from the would-be terrorist who merits targeting. The vast amount of terrorist-related material available on the Internet in a relatively anonymous setting attracts homegrown individuals open to radicalization. Many of these individuals may show great interest in radical content, engage in radical discourse, but not become terrorists. A growing pool of those who view jihadist as â€Å"cool† and engage in online â€Å"talk† may make it harder for police to identify actual terrorists. After 9/11 attacks law interpreting got more focused and prioritized factor of intelligence got highlighted in the inquiry process. Deputy Attorney General, Paul McNulty, while working described the law abiding sector focused, proactive and intelligence attitude towards terrorist acts and to prevent it for the security of the nation. Intelligence gathering is one of the basics i n inquiring and get rid of any other emergence of terrorist attack in future. Investigations require some level of factual predication, while an assessment does not.206 However; assessments are to follow a specifically articulated purpose. The guidelines have established six authorized purposes: Check leads on individuals or activities, Check leads on groups or organizations, Collect information to analyze potential threats and vulnerabilities, Gather information for intelligence analysis or planning, Vet and manage the agency’s confidential human sources (informants), and Collect foreign intelligence. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has criticized the FBI’s amassing of racial and ethnic data based on the new guidelines. It allows for the collection of information about ethnic or racial communities and justifies the gathering of such information for proactive purposes. The guidelines state that it should be done if it â€Å"will reasonably aid the analysis of potential threats and vulnerabilities, and, overall, assist domain awareness for the purpose of performing intelligence analysis. One ACLU official has described this as racial profiling of entire communities. Discuss the role of state and local law enforcement? Terrorist attacks take place in United States of America, whether from foreign or homegrown terrorists. The local and homegrown terrorist attacks and their propagation like weapons explosives and participants all take place in local territories. The whole plan of terrorist attack got prepared locally so, to prevent from these kind of attacks responsibility not only lies on central government it also the part of local and tribal government take action against it. On daily basis up to 17,000 officials gather investigation report suspicious individuals and incidents which as crime connect with any possible terrorism activity. The case of Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. He was arrested after a traffic stop when Oklahoma State Trooper Charles J. Hanger noticed that McVeigh’s yellow 1977 Mercury Marquis had no license plate.233 Using his home state as an example, a former U.S. Attorney maintains that â€Å"evidence of a potential terrorist threat or organized criminal enterpr ise is far more likely to be found in the incidental contact with the 10,000 police officers in the state of Washington than by the less than 150 FBI agents assigned to the Seattle Field Division. The role of state tribal and local both are very important because any kind of intriguing act take place locally security agencies should be high alert to take action against it as soon as it occurs because it may be connected to any kind of terrorism activity which will harm the nation on high extent further to check and balance locally will help to detect brutal terrorists. The Nationwide Suspicious Activity Report Initiative (NSI) is a program to push terrorism-related information generated locally between and among federal, state, local, and tribal levels. Specifically, it is a framework to support the reporting of suspicious activity—from the point of initial observation to the point where the information is available in the information sharing environment.245 It is a standardi zed, integrated approach to gathering, documenting, processing, analyzing, and sharing information about suspicious activity that is potentially terrorism-related while protecting the privacy and civil liberties of Americans. The intent is for this locally generated suspicious activity reporting to be combined in a systematic way with other sources of intelligence at the federal level to uncover criminal activity, including terrorism. Discuss investigative approach to combating terrorism? To counter brutal terrorist approach activities, America’s law interpreting agencies divided investigation approach into two terms namely â€Å"Al- Capone† approach and â€Å"agent provocateurs†. The Al-Capone approach based on the investigation of the persons who are already convicted and under observation but on small scale cases like immigration issues etc. , not alleged by the terrorism allegation but whom connections exist with main terrorist persons. While in the other approach Agent provocateurs are based on covert participation to render actual situation it is basically an undercover operation or investigation where an official became the participant of the situation and become their responsible partner to whom they rely and he facilitates them. The views on Al- Capone approach by its monikers are bit doubtful because it is already practiced on mafia level and also on white collar criminals. But if this procedure done with proper information gathering and research it can be helpful. If the officials focuses on the areas around different religious places of Muslims like mosques and Muslim communities it will help radically to counter a person who can be involved with jihadists in any manner to follow him and identify the source from where he is getting orders to facilitate them. Security agencies main focuses with in U.S Muslim communities.

Huck Finn 10 :: essays research papers

Huck Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time people have been living on their own. They have been relying on themselves to survive for centuries. In many books the characters also must rely on themselves, as Huck Finn does in Mark Twain’s book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn is a book about a boy growing up , and his flight down the Mississippi River. Through his actions and thoughts Huck is able to survive the dangers of the river and in doing so develops self reliance and independence as well as non-conformity to what is acceptable to society. Huck Finn is definitely a non-conformist in the truest sense of the word. Non-conformity means to go against what all other people think and do. In the book Huck chooses not to go to school,. and therefore it makes him a non-conformist because everyone else goes to school. Another example of non-conformity that Huck shows is running away with Jim. No one ever would think about running away with a black man. It is absurd ,because it is going against the rest of society and what they believed about slavery. Huck’s actions definitely makes him a non-conformist. A third example of non-conformity in Huck is not wanting to be civilized. Huck says,†Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it. I been there before.† (294) This quote shows that Huck doesn’t like to be civilized like the rest of society making him an outcast and non-conformist. Huck Finn is a very self-reliant person and he shows it in his thoughts and actions throughout the book. Self reliance is to use your mind on your own to be able to do things. Just as Emerson said, â€Å"A weed is a plant with wise virtues which have not yet been discovered.† Huck throughout the book is a boy searching for himself. Huck is self reliant because he does not know what he wants but through testing situations he discovers what he likes. Huck tries school but realizes it isn’t for him. He is self reliant because he is able to make choices on his own without any help.. Another example of self reliance in Huck is his ability to use what ever means he can, to get out of tight situations. Throughout the book Huck uses elaborate tales and lies to help him get through life.

A Bat in the Wind :: Movie Script Film Creative Papers

A Bat in the Wind Assume you are a screenwriter in the year 2010. You have been commissioned to write a movie script about women's sports and current society. What is the theme? Who are the protagonists? What are the issues and how does the movie end? "A Bat in the Wind" Timeless themes of equality, truth and perseverance are presented in this heartwarming tale of one courageous softball player and the wiffle bat that she adored. It all begins one summer day shortly after Tegan's sixth birthday. The scene opens with the young girl enviously watching a group of children play wiffle ball in the park across the street from her grandmother's house. She furtively glances behind her at the kitchen entrance and listens to the sounds of lunch preparations while contemplating the distance to the door. With a determined look in her eye, she takes a shaky deep breath and dashes out to the park to join the game, all the while looking back and wondering what her grandma would say. She approaches the field and stands by the rusty fence behind the plate. One of the older girls – she looks about ten or twelve – spots Tegan and invites her to join in. The kids show her how to swing the bat and the pitcher starts to toss the ball in her direction; they l et her keep swinging until she hits one. When she does, the light wiffle ball catches the wind, floats high in the air, swirls around a bit, and lands two inches from Tegan's feet. After staring at the ball in wonder, she looks up and a slow smile spreads across her face. The other kids laugh and Tegan joins in with glee. The boy at first base looks at his watch and yells, "Hey, it's lunch time," causing all the wiffle ball players to scatter and race home in search of food. The girl that invited Tegan to play tells her to come back tomorrow in the morning to play a game with them and Tegan agrees with an enthusiastic nod of the head. She turns to run back for lunch, and sees her grandmother waiting by the fence. "Why didn't you tell me where you were going, Tegan? I couldn't find you in the house and I was worried." "I thought you'd be mad at me," the young girl cried. "For playing a game?